Tyres do not typically carry the weight of our vehicles but it is only the air inside them does. There are three basic elements which determine the load capacity of a tyre namely, the size of the air chamber formed between the tyre and wheel, the strength provided by the engineering construction of tyre to hold air pressure, and the amount of air pressure actually in the tyre.

Most flat tyres or zero pressure air  are the result of slow leaks that go unnoticed and allow the tyre's air pressure to escape over time (Fig.1). Therefore, monitoring tyre air pressure in real-time is extremely important. Fortunately, in these days we practically have such devices inbuilt in tyre, called, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System or TPMS, Fig.2. Run Flat Tyres (RFT) are typically designed passenger car tyre or light truck tyres or SUVs to run even when they are flat  or when there is zero inflation pressure. It is more of a safety issue - it's design allows you to continue driving in deflated condition to a point were you can safely get the tyre changed or repaired. To all RFT, therefore, it is was required to fit in TPMS system (Fig.2) to indicate driver that the tyre is running with low pressure or tyre is failed and is under zero pressure now.

Tyre pressure sensor (pressure transmitter) converts the physical quantity 'tyre pressure' into an industry-standard signal , that enables the driver if the tyre pressure is becoming low or the tyre has already failed during driving (Fig.2). Mandates for TPMS technology in new cars have been continued to proliferate in the 21st century in Russia, the EU, Japan, South Korea and many other Asian countries. As of November 2014, the above fitment rate stands had been to ~ 54% of passenger cars.

Tyre pressure has profound influence on vehicle safety and efficiency. Tyre-pressure monitoring (TPM) was first adopted by the European market as an optional feature for luxury passenger vehicles in the 1980s. The first passenger vehicle to adopt TPM was the Porsche 959 in 1986, using a hollow spoke wheel system. In 1996 Renault used the Michelin PAX system. In the United States, TPM was introduced by General Motors for the 1991 model year for the Corvette in conjunction with Goodyear run-flat tyres. The system uses sensors in the wheels and a driver display which can show tyre pressure at any wheel, plus warnings for both high and low pressure (Fig.2). It has been standard on Corvettes ever since.

The dynamic behavior of a pneumatic tyre is closely connected to its inflation pressure. Key factors like braking distance and lateral stability require the inflation pressures to be adjusted and kept as specified by the vehicle manufacturer. Extreme under-inflation can even lead to thermal and mechanical overload caused by overheating and subsequent, sudden destruction of the tyre itself. Additionally, fuel efficiency and tyre wear are severely affected by under-inflation. Tyres do not only leak air if punctured, they also leak air naturally (air permeability), and over a year, even a typical new, properly mounted tyre can lose from 3 to 9 psi, roughly 10% or even more of its initial pressure.

Maintaining proper tyre inflation is essential to vehicle handling, overall tyre performance, and load carrying capability. A properly inflated tyre will reduce tread movement, reduce rolling resistance, and increase water dispersion. Reduced tread movement gives the tyre a longer tread life. Reduced rolling resistance, the force required to roll a loaded tyre, results in increased fuel efficiency. Increased water dispersion decreases the possibility of hydroplaning. Both over-inflation and under-inflation can cause premature tread wear and possible tyre failure. Over-inflation can result in decreased traction and the inability to absorb road impact. Overinflated tyres will show premature wear in the centre of the tread. On the other hand, under inflation will cause sluggish tyre response, decrease fuel economy, excessive heat buildup, and tyre overload. An under inflated  tyre will show premature wear on both outside shoulders (Fig.3).

The European Union reports that an average under-inflation of ~ 6psi ,  produces an increase of fuel consumption of 2% and a decrease of tyre life of 25%. The European Union concludes that tyre under-inflation today is responsible for over 20 million liters of unnecessarily-burned fuel, dumping over 2 million tones of CO₂ into the atmosphere, and for 200 million tyres being prematurely wasted worldwide. In 2018, a field study on TPMS shows that TPMS fitment reliably prevents severe and dangerous under-inflation and hence yields the desired effects for traffic safety, fuel consumption and emissions. The above study also showed that there is no difference in effectiveness between dTPMS and iTPMS and that the TPMS reset function does not present a safety risk.

The Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TMPS) is an electronic system in the vehicle that monitors tyre air pressure and alerts the driver when it falls dangerously low. This system involves a pressure sensor (Fig.4) fitted in tyre air filling valve. However, a given TPMS system can only work with compatible sensors in the tyres.  

TPMS notifies on vehicle dash board when vehicle’s tyre pressure is low or is going flat and this help to maintain proper tyre pressure (Fig.2). TPMS can directly or indirectly, increase vehicle safety on the road by improving your vehicle’s handling, decreasing tyre wear, reducing braking distance and bettering fuel economy. The significant advantages of TPMS are summarized as follows:

• Fuel savings: For every 10% of under-inflation on each tyre on a vehicle, a 1% reduction in fuel economy will occur. In the United States alone, the Department of Transportation estimates that under inflated tyres waste 2 billion US gallons (7,600,000 m³) of fuel each year.

• Extended tyre life: Under inflated tyres are the major cause of tyre failure and contribute to tyre disintegration, heat buildup, ply separation and sidewall/casing break downs. Further, a difference of 10 psi in pressure on a set of duals literally drags the lower pressured tyre 2.5 metres per kilometre (13 feet per mile). Moreover, running a tyre even briefly on inadequate pressure breaks down the casing and prevents the ability to retread. It is important to note that not all sudden tyre failures are caused by under-inflation. Structural damages caused, for example, by hitting sharp curbs or potholes, can also lead to sudden tyre failures, even a certain time after the damaging incident. These cannot be proactively detected by any TPMS.

• Improved safety: Under-inflated tyres lead to tread separation and tyre failure, resulting in 40,000 accidents, 33,000 injuries and over 650 deaths per year only in USA. Further, tyres properly inflated add greater stability, handling and braking efficiencies and provide greater safety for the driver, the vehicle, the loads and others on the road.

• Environmental efficiency: Under-inflated tyres, as estimated by the Department of Transportation, release over 26 billion kilograms (57.5 billion pounds) of unnecessary carbon-monoxide (CO) pollutants into the atmosphere each year in the United States alone.

A TPMS reports real-time tyre-pressure information to the driver of the vehicle, either via a gauge, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light (Fig.2).  

TPMS can be divided into two different types – direct (dTPMS) and indirect (iTPMS). TPMS are provided both at an OEM (factory) level as well as an aftermarket solution (replacement market). TPMS is increasing consumer demand for avoiding traffic accidents, poor fuel economy, and increased tyre wear due to under-inflated tyres through early recognition of a hazardous state of the tyres.

A sensor based TPMS has a pressure monitoring sensor fixed inside the wheel and tyre  assembly(Fig.5). This is usually clamped to the wheel and constantly monitors the internal pressure of the tyre . This information is relayed to a receiving unit on the vehicle body which is connected to a processing unit in the electronics system of the vehicle. This alerts the driver to a loss in tyre pressure.

There are two different types of systems being used today: Direct TPMS and Indirect TPMS. Direct (dTPMS) uses a sensor mounted in the wheel to measure air pressure in each tyre. When air pressure drops 25% below the manufacturer’s recommended level, the sensor transmits that information to the computer system of car and triggers your dashboard indicator light (Fig.2).

Indirect (iTPMS) works with Antilock Braking System’s (ABS) wheel speed sensors. If a tyre’s pressure is low, it will roll at a different wheel speed than the other tyres. This information is detected by the computer system of car , which triggers the dashboard indicator light (Fig.2). The purpose of the TPMS is to alert you when tyre pressure is too low and could to create unsafe driving conditions. If the light is illuminated, it means your tyres could be underinflated, which can lead to undue tyre wear and possible tyre failure.

Direct TPMS

Direct TPMS (dTPMS), is a directly measuring hardware-based systems. They could be fitted in each wheel, most often on the inside of the valve (Fig.6), there is a battery-driven pressure sensor which transfers pressure information to a central control unit which reports it to the vehicle's instrument cluster or a corresponding monitor. Some units also measure and alert temperatures of the tyre as well.

These systems can identify under-inflation in any combination, be it one tyre or all, simultaneously. Although the systems vary in transmitting options, many TPMS products (both OEM and aftermarket) can display real time tyre pressures at each location monitored whether the vehicle is moving or parked. There are many different solutions, but all of them have to face the problems of exposure to hostile environments. The majority are powered by batteries which limit their useful life.  A direct TPMS sensor consists of the following main functions requiring only a few external components, that is mounted to the valve stem inside the tyre:

• Pressure sensor
• Analog-digital converter
• Microcontroller
• System controller
• Oscillator
• Radio frequency transmitter
• Low frequency receiver
• Voltage regulator (battery management)

InDirect TPMS

Indirect TPMS (iTPMS)  uses to detect the differing speed of revolution of a wheel with a reduced circumference, caused by a reduction in tyre pressure . There may be  dashboard icons for low pressure warning icon  or system failure icon (Fig.2). This system uses the ABS  or the Antilock Braking System of the vehicle to monitor the rotation speed of the individual wheels. If a deflation of a tyre occurs the resulting increase in wheel speed triggers the TPMS and advises the driver accordingly (Fig.7).

Advantages of the ABS based system include the fact that the system uses technology and equipment that is already fitted to the vehicle. Also there are no sensors fitted inside the wheel/tyre assembly which makes the tyre fitting process easier than the sensor based systems.

Dr Samir Majumdar, Rubber Consultant (India & Asia pacific), has served in leading tyre companies like JK Tyre, Kyoto Japan Tire, among others. He was technical and R&D head (Asia Pacific) in ExxonMobil. He has authored several research papers and technical books. smajumdar501234@yahoo.co.in

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Kuraray Co., Ltd. marked its 100th anniversary on 24 June 2026, with a commemorative ceremony at the Tokyo International Forum. The company live-streamed the event to its domestic and overseas locations, enabling employees worldwide to join the celebration simultaneously and strengthening the Group's collective spirit.

The speciality chemical company expressed deep appreciation to its stakeholders and predecessors for their enduring support throughout the century. Leaders also reaffirmed the organisation's determination to pursue new challenges collaboratively as it embarks on its next hundred years.

Hitoshi Kawahara, President, Kuraray Co., Ltd.

President Hitoshi Kawahara called for uniting values across diverse countries, regions, languages and cultures during this pivotal moment. He advocated for realising ‘One Kuraray’ by actively connecting people, technologies and knowledge beyond conventional organisational and business boundaries to co-create fresh value.

Kuraray originated in 1926 in Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture, with the commercial production of synthetic rayon. Over the past century, the company built its reputation on distinctive technologies, including PVA fiber, PVOH resin, CLARINO man-made leather and EVAL EVOH resin, guided by its mission to achieve what no other company can for people and the planet. Today, Kuraray operates across 32 countries and regions. The company now views its centennial as a launching point for tackling social challenges through innovation and for unlocking new possibilities in the years ahead.

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Cabot Corporation has once again achieved the top-tier platinum designation from EcoVadis, maintaining this elite status for six consecutive years. This accomplishment secures the company’s place among the global elite, as only one percent of all businesses scrutinised by the rating agency receive this highest mark. The outcome reflects the firm's sustained emphasis on driving tangible environmental and social advancements while upholding rigorous disclosure standards across its operational network.

The assessment framework employed by EcoVadis examines more than 150,000 entities worldwide, spanning numerous sectors and geographies, with evaluations rooted in established sustainability benchmarks. Cabot registered its most significant annual performance jump this cycle, with a five-point increase in its cumulative score, driven largely by enhanced results in the ethical conduct segment. Additionally, the company retained its exceptional standing in both environmental stewardship and workforce rights, securing the maximum possible recognition in those two critical areas.

With EcoVadis consistently tightening its evaluation parameters to mirror emerging global norms, Cabot has responded by intensifying its own internal sustainability measures. The organisation has concentrated on elevating operational effectiveness and data visibility, ensuring its practices remain responsive to the increasingly stringent expectations of stakeholders and rating bodies alike.

Underpinning this trajectory is a deeply ingrained organisational culture focused on iterative refinement and long-term value creation. By persistently elevating its sustainability agenda, Cabot reinforces its reputation as a proactive industry participant, dedicated to aligning corporate performance with broader societal and environmental objectives.

Jennifer Chittick, Senior Vice President, Safety, Health and Environment (SH&E) and Government Affairs; Chief Sustainability Officer, said, “We are encouraged by this year’s EcoVadis results, which reflect meaningful progress across our sustainability programme and our largest year-over-year score increase to date. These results demonstrate how greater transparency, stronger cross-functional collaboration and disciplined execution are helping us strengthen how we operate while advancing progress toward our 2030 sustainability goals.”

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Nokian Tyres has secured a position among TIME Magazine’s World’s Most Sustainable Companies for 2026, claiming the 100th spot on a prestigious roster of 750 global enterprises. The annual compilation, produced in partnership with the research firm Statista, recognises organisations demonstrating exceptional environmental and social performance after a comprehensive evaluation of thousands of candidates worldwide.

The selection process weighed verified sustainability credentials, including active participation in the UN Global Compact and Science Based Targets initiative-approved emission reduction goals. Assessment also incorporated third-party ratings from entities like CDP and MSCI, alongside rigorous scrutiny of each company’s transparent operations, ethical governance and overall commitment to environmental stewardship and social responsibility, ultimately distinguishing Nokian Tyres for its holistic approach to corporate accountability.

Paolo Pompei, President and CEO, Nokian Tyres, said, “This is a great acknowledgment of our long-term sustainability work and motivates us to keep improving. We want to enable drivers to make more sustainable tyre choices without compromising on performance. Renewable and recycled materials and lower rolling resistance help cut tyre lifecycle emissions, while rigorously tested tyres improve grip and safety, especially in demanding weather conditions. Proactive sustainability measures also benefit our customers: responsible sourcing reduces risks, and innovative, high-performing tyres with lower environmental footprint make it possible for our customers to offer higher-value solutions to their own clients.”

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Beratex, part of the Bernauer Group alongside Texpak, is positioning itself as a specialist partner to global tyre manufacturers at a time when efficiency demands, sustainability pressures and the technical requirements of electric mobility are reshaping the industry. In a sector often described as mature, the company argues that meaningful gains are still being unlocked – not through disruption but through materials innovation and process optimisation that deliver measurable improvements on the factory floor.

“Beratex and Texpak are both part of the Bernauer Group, which positions itself as a system supplier of specialised auxiliary and raw materials for the tyre and rubber industries. Beratex & Texpak sees itself as a trusted specialist partner to the global tyre industry, with a strong focus on high-performance product solutions. Our products help tyre manufacturers maintain stable, efficient and high-quality production processes across both PCR and TBR applications,” says Hanspeter Bernauer, Owner and CEO. “At the same time, building on our experience since 1972, we continue to expand our footprint in the tyre and rubber sector with complementary products such as low-melting EVA materials for mixing process and embossed PE films for single-use applications, which we distribute through our subsidiary Texpak.”

A key differentiator for Beratex is its vertically integrated production model, spanning from HDPE film supplied by its subsidiary Kunststoffwerk Lahr to in-house yarn production, weaving, heat-setting, hot-calandering, finishing and confectioning, allowing the company to manage the full value chain internally. In addition, its own hydropower generation plays an important role in ensuring supply reliability, efficiency and sustainability.

INCREMENTAL INNOVATION IN A MATURE INDUSTRY

Despite tyre manufacturing’s maturity, Bernauer sees ample scope for innovation – though largely incremental. “Even in a mature industry like tyre manufacturing, there is still considerable room for innovation. In our view, some of the most meaningful progress comes from better materials, more efficient processes and solutions that help customers reduce waste without compromising performance,” he says.

“Innovation does not always have to be disruptive. In many cases, the biggest improvements come from practical developments that make production more stable, cleaner and easier to automate. That is exactly where close cooperation between suppliers and manufacturers can create real value,” he adds.

FACTORY-FLOOR IMPACT AND CONSISTENCY

The operational impact of Bernauer Group’s solutions is most visible in production environments. Liner materials are engineered to stabilise the handling of uncured rubber and reduce variability.

“The most tangible benefits are seen directly on the production floor. Our liner solutions help improve handling reliability, reduce contamination risks and support a smoother, more consistent manufacturing process. As a result, customers benefit from fewer interruptions, lower material waste and more stable output,” Bernauer says.

Texpak’s EVA low-melting bags and films complement this by offering consistent processing behaviour, a defined melting point, consistent thickness, a reliable quality standard and integration into mixing processes.

“For tyre manufacturers, that means better process efficiency, improved product quality and more effective use of materials. In high-volume production, even small improvements in these areas can have a significant operational impact,” Bernauer says.

Consistency remains central to the value proposition. Bernauer notes that Beratex liners are designed to bring consistency and process reliability to high-volume tyre production, with PE and textile liners offering uniform gauges, controlled surface properties and reliable release performance, enabling uncured rubber components to be handled without deformation, contamination or unnecessary variability.

By reducing sticking, tearing and uneven release, these solutions support stable cycle times, smoother automation and lower rejection rates. “Another important advantage is the durability of our liners. Their long service life helps maintain stable conditions over extended production runs, reduces replacement frequency and contributes to overall efficiency on the factory floor,” he adds.

PRODUCTIVITY AND TOTAL VALUE

The company links these performance improvements directly to productivity metrics. “Our solutions can have a very direct impact on factory-floor productivity. When liners perform reliably, manufacturers experience fewer stoppages due to sticking, tearing, misfeeds or contamination. That helps keep line speeds stable and supports better throughput,” Bernauer says.

He explains that by adapting liner solutions to the specific requirements of a process, the company helps customers improve handling, reduce waste  and strengthen production control, contributing, in practice, to better overall equipment effectiveness and a more predictable manufacturing environment.

This underpins a broader emphasis on total value rather than initial price, reflecting the economics of high-volume manufacturing.

EVOLVING EXPECTATIONS: COST, PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY

Supplier expectations have shifted materially over the past decade. “Customer expectations have changed significantly over the last 10 years. In the past, the focus was often on price and basic functionality. Today, tyre manufacturers expect much more: reliable performance, process consistency, compatibility with automation and clear added value,” Bernauer says.

Sustainability is now central, with Bernauer noting that customers increasingly look for solutions that support material reduction, recyclability and a lower environmental impact while also expecting closer technical cooperation and more customised support – factors that have made supplier relationships significantly more strategic than before.

“Today, it is clearly a combination of all three,” he says, referring to cost, performance and sustainability. “Cost pressure remains important, but manufacturers also understand that performance and process reliability directly affect efficiency, quality and total production cost. The most attractive solutions are therefore the ones that combine cost efficiency, performance and sustainability rather than treating them as trade-offs.”

REGIONAL SHIFTS AND GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS

The tyre industry’s geographic footprint continues to evolve. “Yes, we are seeing clear regional shifts in both demand and manufacturing. Capacity continues to move towards Asia and other cost-competitive regions, driven by local market growth, export opportunities and broader supply chain diversification,” Bernauer says.

At the same time, new regions are emerging. “We are also seeing increasing activity in regions that previously played a smaller role in the global landscape, including parts of Africa,” adds Bernauer.

This creates a dual requirement for suppliers: global consistency and local flexibility.

SUSTAINABILITY IN SOURCING AND PRODUCTION

Sustainability considerations are reshaping procurement decisions, with Bernauer noting that the biggest change is that sourcing decisions are no longer driven by price alone, as tyre manufacturers increasingly assess recyclability, material efficiency, carbon footprint and the overall environmental profile of their suppliers. There is also a growing focus on reducing waste through downgauging and the use of reusable materials.

“Beratex is very well positioned in this respect. We generate 100 percent of our electricity from renewable sources through our own hydropower plants, and we can fully recycle all our production waste and reprocess it into new products,” he says.

EV-DRIVEN REQUIREMENTS

Electric vehicles are tightening manufacturing tolerances. According to Bernauer, the rise of electric vehicles is raising the bar for tyre manufacturers, with EV tyres typically requiring tighter dimensional precision, higher load-bearing performance and very consistent production conditions.

“For us, that means developing liner solutions with even greater surface consistency, controlled release behaviour and clean processing performance,” he says.

DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH DURABILITY

Durability and long-term performance are central to the company’s positioning. “What sets Beratex apart is that we combine proven product performance with a strong understanding of manufacturing realities. Our liner solutions are designed to deliver consistent quality, reliable release performance and exceptional durability, with customer references showing Beratex liners in use for over 15 years when properly handled,” Bernauer says.

Bernauer notes that with more than 135 million square metres of liner solutions supplied, the company’s track record demonstrates both long-term product performance and customer trust, adding that the focus remains on total value rather than just initial price.

REDUCING DEFECTS AND WASTE

At a functional level, the materials are designed to minimise defects. Bernauer explains that, in simple terms, the company’s materials help tyre manufacturers handle uncured rubber components cleanly and consistently. When release performance is stable and the liner behaves predictably, there is less risk of sticking, tearing or surface damage.

“Texpak EVA materials help reduce defects and waste in tyre production by offering consistent melting behaviour, uniform thickness and reliable quality,” Bernauer adds.

CHALLENGES AND OUTLOOK

The operating environment remains pressured. “One of the main challenges is the overall cost pressure in a highly competitive market,” Bernauer says, citing raw material volatility and supply chain disruptions. “Another challenge is meeting rising sustainability expectations while still delivering the functional performance customers require,” he adds.

Looking ahead, he identifies two key opportunity areas. “The first is advanced and more sustainable material solutions,” he says, pointing to the demand for recyclable and environmentally responsible products.

“The second is the ongoing shift towards higher-performance tyres, including EV-related applications, which require greater precision, cleanliness and process stability,” he adds.

For Bernauer Group, the approach remains consistent: deepen process integration, refine materials and deliver incremental improvements that scale across global tyre manufacturing.

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