Tyres do not typically carry the weight of our vehicles but it is only the air inside them does. There are three basic elements which determine the load capacity of a tyre namely, the size of the air chamber formed between the tyre and wheel, the strength provided by the engineering construction of tyre to hold air pressure, and the amount of air pressure actually in the tyre.

Most flat tyres or zero pressure air  are the result of slow leaks that go unnoticed and allow the tyre's air pressure to escape over time (Fig.1). Therefore, monitoring tyre air pressure in real-time is extremely important. Fortunately, in these days we practically have such devices inbuilt in tyre, called, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System or TPMS, Fig.2. Run Flat Tyres (RFT) are typically designed passenger car tyre or light truck tyres or SUVs to run even when they are flat  or when there is zero inflation pressure. It is more of a safety issue - it's design allows you to continue driving in deflated condition to a point were you can safely get the tyre changed or repaired. To all RFT, therefore, it is was required to fit in TPMS system (Fig.2) to indicate driver that the tyre is running with low pressure or tyre is failed and is under zero pressure now.

Tyre pressure sensor (pressure transmitter) converts the physical quantity 'tyre pressure' into an industry-standard signal , that enables the driver if the tyre pressure is becoming low or the tyre has already failed during driving (Fig.2). Mandates for TPMS technology in new cars have been continued to proliferate in the 21st century in Russia, the EU, Japan, South Korea and many other Asian countries. As of November 2014, the above fitment rate stands had been to ~ 54% of passenger cars.

Tyre pressure has profound influence on vehicle safety and efficiency. Tyre-pressure monitoring (TPM) was first adopted by the European market as an optional feature for luxury passenger vehicles in the 1980s. The first passenger vehicle to adopt TPM was the Porsche 959 in 1986, using a hollow spoke wheel system. In 1996 Renault used the Michelin PAX system. In the United States, TPM was introduced by General Motors for the 1991 model year for the Corvette in conjunction with Goodyear run-flat tyres. The system uses sensors in the wheels and a driver display which can show tyre pressure at any wheel, plus warnings for both high and low pressure (Fig.2). It has been standard on Corvettes ever since.

The dynamic behavior of a pneumatic tyre is closely connected to its inflation pressure. Key factors like braking distance and lateral stability require the inflation pressures to be adjusted and kept as specified by the vehicle manufacturer. Extreme under-inflation can even lead to thermal and mechanical overload caused by overheating and subsequent, sudden destruction of the tyre itself. Additionally, fuel efficiency and tyre wear are severely affected by under-inflation. Tyres do not only leak air if punctured, they also leak air naturally (air permeability), and over a year, even a typical new, properly mounted tyre can lose from 3 to 9 psi, roughly 10% or even more of its initial pressure.

Maintaining proper tyre inflation is essential to vehicle handling, overall tyre performance, and load carrying capability. A properly inflated tyre will reduce tread movement, reduce rolling resistance, and increase water dispersion. Reduced tread movement gives the tyre a longer tread life. Reduced rolling resistance, the force required to roll a loaded tyre, results in increased fuel efficiency. Increased water dispersion decreases the possibility of hydroplaning. Both over-inflation and under-inflation can cause premature tread wear and possible tyre failure. Over-inflation can result in decreased traction and the inability to absorb road impact. Overinflated tyres will show premature wear in the centre of the tread. On the other hand, under inflation will cause sluggish tyre response, decrease fuel economy, excessive heat buildup, and tyre overload. An under inflated  tyre will show premature wear on both outside shoulders (Fig.3).

The European Union reports that an average under-inflation of ~ 6psi ,  produces an increase of fuel consumption of 2% and a decrease of tyre life of 25%. The European Union concludes that tyre under-inflation today is responsible for over 20 million liters of unnecessarily-burned fuel, dumping over 2 million tones of CO₂ into the atmosphere, and for 200 million tyres being prematurely wasted worldwide. In 2018, a field study on TPMS shows that TPMS fitment reliably prevents severe and dangerous under-inflation and hence yields the desired effects for traffic safety, fuel consumption and emissions. The above study also showed that there is no difference in effectiveness between dTPMS and iTPMS and that the TPMS reset function does not present a safety risk.

The Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TMPS) is an electronic system in the vehicle that monitors tyre air pressure and alerts the driver when it falls dangerously low. This system involves a pressure sensor (Fig.4) fitted in tyre air filling valve. However, a given TPMS system can only work with compatible sensors in the tyres.  

TPMS notifies on vehicle dash board when vehicle’s tyre pressure is low or is going flat and this help to maintain proper tyre pressure (Fig.2). TPMS can directly or indirectly, increase vehicle safety on the road by improving your vehicle’s handling, decreasing tyre wear, reducing braking distance and bettering fuel economy. The significant advantages of TPMS are summarized as follows:

• Fuel savings: For every 10% of under-inflation on each tyre on a vehicle, a 1% reduction in fuel economy will occur. In the United States alone, the Department of Transportation estimates that under inflated tyres waste 2 billion US gallons (7,600,000 m³) of fuel each year.

• Extended tyre life: Under inflated tyres are the major cause of tyre failure and contribute to tyre disintegration, heat buildup, ply separation and sidewall/casing break downs. Further, a difference of 10 psi in pressure on a set of duals literally drags the lower pressured tyre 2.5 metres per kilometre (13 feet per mile). Moreover, running a tyre even briefly on inadequate pressure breaks down the casing and prevents the ability to retread. It is important to note that not all sudden tyre failures are caused by under-inflation. Structural damages caused, for example, by hitting sharp curbs or potholes, can also lead to sudden tyre failures, even a certain time after the damaging incident. These cannot be proactively detected by any TPMS.

• Improved safety: Under-inflated tyres lead to tread separation and tyre failure, resulting in 40,000 accidents, 33,000 injuries and over 650 deaths per year only in USA. Further, tyres properly inflated add greater stability, handling and braking efficiencies and provide greater safety for the driver, the vehicle, the loads and others on the road.

• Environmental efficiency: Under-inflated tyres, as estimated by the Department of Transportation, release over 26 billion kilograms (57.5 billion pounds) of unnecessary carbon-monoxide (CO) pollutants into the atmosphere each year in the United States alone.

A TPMS reports real-time tyre-pressure information to the driver of the vehicle, either via a gauge, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light (Fig.2).  

TPMS can be divided into two different types – direct (dTPMS) and indirect (iTPMS). TPMS are provided both at an OEM (factory) level as well as an aftermarket solution (replacement market). TPMS is increasing consumer demand for avoiding traffic accidents, poor fuel economy, and increased tyre wear due to under-inflated tyres through early recognition of a hazardous state of the tyres.

A sensor based TPMS has a pressure monitoring sensor fixed inside the wheel and tyre  assembly(Fig.5). This is usually clamped to the wheel and constantly monitors the internal pressure of the tyre . This information is relayed to a receiving unit on the vehicle body which is connected to a processing unit in the electronics system of the vehicle. This alerts the driver to a loss in tyre pressure.

There are two different types of systems being used today: Direct TPMS and Indirect TPMS. Direct (dTPMS) uses a sensor mounted in the wheel to measure air pressure in each tyre. When air pressure drops 25% below the manufacturer’s recommended level, the sensor transmits that information to the computer system of car and triggers your dashboard indicator light (Fig.2).

Indirect (iTPMS) works with Antilock Braking System’s (ABS) wheel speed sensors. If a tyre’s pressure is low, it will roll at a different wheel speed than the other tyres. This information is detected by the computer system of car , which triggers the dashboard indicator light (Fig.2). The purpose of the TPMS is to alert you when tyre pressure is too low and could to create unsafe driving conditions. If the light is illuminated, it means your tyres could be underinflated, which can lead to undue tyre wear and possible tyre failure.

Direct TPMS

Direct TPMS (dTPMS), is a directly measuring hardware-based systems. They could be fitted in each wheel, most often on the inside of the valve (Fig.6), there is a battery-driven pressure sensor which transfers pressure information to a central control unit which reports it to the vehicle's instrument cluster or a corresponding monitor. Some units also measure and alert temperatures of the tyre as well.

These systems can identify under-inflation in any combination, be it one tyre or all, simultaneously. Although the systems vary in transmitting options, many TPMS products (both OEM and aftermarket) can display real time tyre pressures at each location monitored whether the vehicle is moving or parked. There are many different solutions, but all of them have to face the problems of exposure to hostile environments. The majority are powered by batteries which limit their useful life.  A direct TPMS sensor consists of the following main functions requiring only a few external components, that is mounted to the valve stem inside the tyre:

• Pressure sensor
• Analog-digital converter
• Microcontroller
• System controller
• Oscillator
• Radio frequency transmitter
• Low frequency receiver
• Voltage regulator (battery management)

InDirect TPMS

Indirect TPMS (iTPMS)  uses to detect the differing speed of revolution of a wheel with a reduced circumference, caused by a reduction in tyre pressure . There may be  dashboard icons for low pressure warning icon  or system failure icon (Fig.2). This system uses the ABS  or the Antilock Braking System of the vehicle to monitor the rotation speed of the individual wheels. If a deflation of a tyre occurs the resulting increase in wheel speed triggers the TPMS and advises the driver accordingly (Fig.7).

Advantages of the ABS based system include the fact that the system uses technology and equipment that is already fitted to the vehicle. Also there are no sensors fitted inside the wheel/tyre assembly which makes the tyre fitting process easier than the sensor based systems.

Dr Samir Majumdar, Rubber Consultant (India & Asia pacific), has served in leading tyre companies like JK Tyre, Kyoto Japan Tire, among others. He was technical and R&D head (Asia Pacific) in ExxonMobil. He has authored several research papers and technical books. smajumdar501234@yahoo.co.in

Comments (0)

ADD COMMENT

Link Copied!

Sailun Group, a prominent player in the global tyre industry, has taken a leading role in advancing sustainable natural rubber practices. As a core raw material for tyre manufacturing, natural rubber requires ecological protection and a stable supply, both essential for the sector’s high-quality development. In 2025, the company, as a member of the Global Platform for Sustainable Natural Rubber (GPSNR), initiated a project focused on sustainable livelihoods and ecological education for smallholders in eastern Thailand under the GPSNR Shared Investment Mechanism.

This initiative unites strategic partners across the natural rubber value chain, including the Rubber Authority of Thailand’s Rayong office and Save the Children Thailand. Through multi-stakeholder collaboration, the project aims to foster a more sustainable natural rubber ecosystem. Recently, Sailun Group invited GPSNR Chief Executive Officer Stefano Savi and his delegation to Thailand for a field visit to review the project’s interim achievements, reflecting the company’s ‘eco+’ sustainability strategy and its active role in global governance for sustainable natural rubber.

Eastern Thailand’s natural rubber industry supports millions of smallholder households, and the project directly addresses the needs of 500 such farmers. Targeted training programmes have been delivered on environmentally responsible tapping techniques and regulatory compliance, including guidance on the European Union Deforestation Regulation. An innovative consultation network comprising one central hub, eight fixed stations and five mobile units now provides ongoing support on policy interpretation and practical problem-solving.

A structured and replicable knowledge system has been developed, including training materials on low-impact tapping and compliance. Special emphasis is placed on encouraging women and young people to participate, promoting intergenerational knowledge transfer. During the visit, the delegation held technical discussions with Rayong officials on sustainable tapping and rubber tree management, inspected standardised production lines and logistics facilities and reviewed the consultation stations, praising the integrated technology, services and compliance support model.

To address challenges such as improper tapping and soil degradation, five GPSNR demonstration plots have been established. Smallholders receive free organic soil improvement packages and professional tapping tools, alongside systematic training on sustainable soil management. The delegation observed pH monitoring systems and noted improvements including reduced soil acidity and better growing conditions. Direct engagement with farmers provided insights into practical challenges, and the delegation commended the project’s pragmatic approach to strengthening ecological cultivation and long-term productivity.

Beyond livelihood improvements, the project prioritises education through infrastructure upgrades at three schools attended by rubber farmers’ children. In partnership with Save the Children Thailand, ecological education corners with tailored curricula and drawing competitions have been set up. A scholarship programme supports disadvantaged students. The delegation visited Rayong Guanghua School and Banraijandee School, reviewing improvements and awarding scholarships, while discussions explored future collaboration on integrating sustainable natural rubber development with children’s ecological education.

Since implementation began, notable interim results have been achieved across multiple rubber‑producing communities. Smallholders’ sustainable production capabilities have significantly improved, while more children engage with nature and understand the natural rubber industry. This dual‑impact model of economic empowerment and environmental stewardship guides future efforts. Sailun Group will continue leveraging its industry leadership and the GPSNR platform to deepen collaboration with partners, research institutions and non‑profits, contributing to biodiversity conservation, supply chain resilience and high‑quality sustainable development across the global tyre and natural rubber industries.

Comments (0)

ADD COMMENT

Link Copied!

Shin-Etsu Chemical has announced a sweeping price revision for its entire range of silicone products, effective for all shipments from 1 May 2026. The adjustment applies to every product handled by the company’s Silicone Division, with increases set at a minimum of 10 percent. Actual revision rates will vary depending on the specific product category.

The decision follows recent developments in the Middle East, which have triggered sharp surges in crude oil and naphtha prices. This has led to a steep rise in the cost of oil-derived raw materials. Additionally, Shin-Etsu Chemical is confronting higher expenses related to manufacturing energy, product containers, packaging materials and logistics, all of which have contributed to the need for a price correction.

Despite exhausting all possible internal measures to reduce manufacturing costs, the company concluded that these efforts alone cannot absorb the mounting cost pressures. Shin-Etsu Chemical is now committed to fully communicating the situation to its product users and securing their understanding of the necessary selling price revisions.

Comments (0)

ADD COMMENT

Link Copied!

The Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC) recently participated in a Hari Raya Open House event. The gathering was organised by Malaysia’s Rubber Development Division, which falls under the Ministry of Plantation and Commodities. This occasion allowed the ANRPC to connect with important figures within the natural rubber sector. By bringing together various industry partners, the open house successfully created an atmosphere of goodwill and strengthened existing relationships.

The ANRPC has conveyed its genuine gratitude to the event’s hosts for their warm reception and thoughtful organisation. The association acknowledged the importance of uniting stakeholders in such a meaningful celebration, which helps reinforce shared goals and collaborative spirit across the sector.

Comments (0)

ADD COMMENT

Link Copied!

ARLANXEO has officially opened its Innovation Center Asia (ICA) in Changzhou, China, transforming the former Regional Technical Center into a full-fledged Asian innovation hub. This upgrade significantly strengthens the company’s global research and development network, with a clear focus on serving the local Chinese market as well as broader regional needs. The expansion reflects ARLANXEO’s commitment to advancing performance elastomers through targeted regional investment.

Now boasting larger facilities, an expanded team and new laboratory equipment, the Innovation Center Asia is equipped to handle rubber compounding, processing, physical testing, chemical analysis, battery prototyping and more. A dedicated chemistry lab has been added to support the nearby HNBR plant and global HNBR research activities. Located alongside ARLANXEO’s EPDM and HNBR plants in Changzhou, the centre fosters close customer collaboration to address evolving market needs. It also works in tandem with the company’s Dormagen, Germany, innovation centre, jointly developing new testing methods, exploring advanced technologies and delivering innovative product solutions worldwide.

The inauguration event featured speeches from Herman Dikland, ARLANXEO’s Chief Technology and Sustainability Officer, and Hong Sun, Managing Director of ARLANXEO China. Joining them at the ceremony were company representatives, key customers, local government officials and academic partners from various universities. Their presence underscored the collaborative spirit and shared interest in driving innovation forward.

Herman Dikland, Chief Technology and Sustainability Officer, ARLANXEO, said, “Innovation is a core driver of ARLANXEO’s sustainable growth, and China plays an important role in our global innovation ecosystem. This state-of-the-art laboratory facility puts us in an excellent position to advance our R&D capabilities and reinforce our market position. We look forward to driving frontier innovation together with our passionate and creative China team while bringing China-based innovation into solutions for global markets.”

Hong Sun, Managing Director, ARLANXEO China, said, “The inauguration of the Innovation Center Asia reflects our commitment to supporting the rapid transformation of China’s rubber industry during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. With growing demand for advanced materials and customised formulations, the new centre will further strengthen our proximity to customers, enhance our agility in meeting market needs and better support the upgrading of the entire rubber industry.”

Comments (0)

ADD COMMENT

Link Copied!