As the world grapples with the environmental challenges of discarded tyres, IIT Bombay researchers are developing sustainable solutions by repurposing waste rubber into innovative construction materials. Nilesh Wadhwa reports on how their work not only aims to mitigate landfill waste but also offers unique thermal, electrical and structural benefits for future infrastructure.

With over a billion tyres discarded globally each year, the world faces an escalating crisis in managing tyre waste. Beyond the mounds of rubber in landfills, the environmental and health hazards from tyre degradation, microplastics and toxic emissions are profound. However, a team of researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay is charting a sustainable path forward. By transforming waste tyres into innovative construction materials – Rubcrete, which is a form of concrete mixed with shredded waste tyres. This is said to not only provide strength to the material but also make it more environmentally friendly. The idea is to turn an environmental problem into a valuable resource for civil engineering.

In an interaction with Tyre Trends, Prithvendra Singh, a principal researcher at IIT Bombay, explained the motivations behind this ground-breaking research. “The main aim of this research was to address the dual challenge of excessive end-of-life tyre (ELT) accumulation and the unsustainable depletion of natural aggregates due to ever-rising demand in infrastructural development,” he stated.

By converting waste rubber into engineered rubber aggregates (RA) and rubber-plastic blends (RPB), the team seeks to not only reduce landfill dependency but also enhance the sustainability of construction materials.

This pioneering approach is timely. The sheer scale of tyre waste, with millions of tonnes generated annually, has far-reaching consequences. Tyres are durable, non-biodegradable and pose serious fire hazards.

“One of the most overlooked issues is the generation of microplastics and toxic volatile compounds through tyre wear and tear, degradation, weathering or fires. Landfilled rubber fires can take months to extinguish and result in the emission of carcinogenic gases. These pose risks to human health and ecosystems, and their long-term contamination potential – especially via water, soil and air – is often overlooked in conventional waste management frameworks,” emphasised Singh.

FROM LAB TO FIELD

The IIT Bombay team’s research has revealed promising properties in both RA and RPB, which could revolutionise the use of secondary materials in civil engineering.

Singh elaborated on the mechanical characteristics, “RA and RPB exhibit significantly lower stiffness and higher deformability than natural aggregates, which makes them suitable for specific geoenvironmental applications but limits their use under high structural loads.”

While these properties may exclude them from load-bearing infrastructure, they open up opportunities in other areas. “Despite their lower mechanical strength, both materials demonstrate promising insulation characteristics and environmental safety under controlled conditions,” Singh added.

Thermal and electrical insulation capabilities are where these materials truly shine. “Both RA and RPB have superior thermal resistivity compared to standard sand, confirming their suitability for thermal insulation. Electrically, dry RPB shows the lowest conductivity, making it highly suitable for electrical insulation applications. Both materials also act as excellent dielectric materials over a broad frequency range,” Singh explained.

These characteristics make them ideal for construction projects where insulation and resistance to extreme temperatures or electrical fields are critical, such as in utility corridors or specialised building applications.

However, the journey from laboratory research to real-world applications is not without its challenges. “The lower stiffness of RA leads to higher vertical deformation under applied loads, making them less suitable for high-load applications such as base layers of highways,” Singh pointed out.

“However, they are ideal for lightweight fill applications like embankments or drainage layers, where flexibility and energy absorption are more beneficial than stiffness,” he added.

This insight highlights the potential for using RA and RPB in applications where traditional materials fall short, such as in earthquake-prone regions or on unstable soils where flexibility can mitigate damage. The process of creating RA and RPB depends heavily on the methods used to shred and process waste tyres.

SHREDDING METHODS: BALANCING COSTS AND PERFORMANCE

Singh outlined the pros and cons of various shredding technologies. “Ambient shredding is cost-effective but produces rough-surfaced particles, which exhibit better interaction in cement and polymer composites,” he noted. “Cryogenic shredding yields smoother particles with a broader size distribution but poorer bonding characteristics, and the created particles are generally suitable for turf or sports surfaces. Water-jet grinding offers finer control over particle size but comes at high energy and equipment costs.”

Each method results in materials with distinct properties, influencing their performance in construction applications.

Real-world validation is a crucial step in advancing this technology. To this end, IIT Bombay has partnered with GRP India, a leader in rubber recycling.

“We are currently collaborating with GRP to venture into production and field applications of these sustainable aggregates,” Singh revealed. “This partnership provides a foundation for scaling up through industrial-grade shredding, blending and real-world performance validation.”

These collaborations not only bring academic research closer to commercial implementation but also offer a model for future partnerships between academia and industry.

Of course, environmental safety remains a central concern in adopting new construction materials, especially those derived from waste. Leaching of metals and organic contaminants can pose long-term risks if not properly managed.

Singh’s team addressed these concerns through rigorous testing. “ICP-AES analysis showed that heavy metals like Pb and Zn are present in low concentrations, well within permissible limits,” he reported. “Previous studies corroborate that such materials typically stay within permissible toxicity limits under standard conditions. However, long-term leaching behaviour under varied field conditions remains necessary to confirm safety under varying environmental exposures.” This underscores the need for comprehensive testing and monitoring to ensure environmental safety.

THE ROAD AHEAD

Looking forward, IIT Bombay’s research agenda is ambitious. Singh described plans for further experimentation to expand the applications of RA and RPB. “We are currently planning long-term loading-unloading experiments and elevated temperature testing to establish the thermo-mechanical response of RA and RPB under realistic field stresses,” he said. “These experiments aim to address limitations in durability data and expand application potential. Also, future experiments will simulate realistic landfill environments, including interactions with leachate, microbes, humidity and temperature, to understand long-term behaviour.” Such studies will be essential for certifying these materials for broader use in civil engineering.

Could tyre-derived materials eventually replace traditional aggregates in certain applications? Singh is optimistic. “Yes, particularly in non-structural or semi-structural applications such as leachate drainage layers, landfill covers, thermal insulation barriers and lightweight embankments. The lightweight, high porosity and insulation capabilities of the RA and RPB present unique advantages that traditional aggregates cannot provide,” he said.

This vision aligns with global efforts to promote circular economies and reduce reliance on finite natural resources.

Responding to his expectations from the industry, Singh stated that stakeholders need to support the integration of sustainable materials into mainstream construction.

“The message I would like to convey to the academicians, tyre industry stakeholders and policymakers is to embrace innovation through cross-sectoral collaboration. Sustainable solutions like RA and RPB not only offer environmental remediation but also open new markets for green construction materials. With the right policy incentives, certification frameworks and industry support, we can mainstream these materials and accelerate the transition towards a circular, resilient economy,” he said.

IIT Bombay’s work exemplifies how innovative research, when coupled with industry collaboration and policy support, can turn a pressing environmental problem into a sustainable solution. By reimagining waste as a resource, Singh and his team aim to not only address the tyre waste crisis but also lay the groundwork for more resilient and eco-friendly infrastructure in the future.

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Giti Tire has secured the EcoVadis Platinum Medal for the second consecutive year, positioning it within the top one percent of companies globally evaluated for sustainability. This ongoing distinction underscores the organisation's dedication to ethical operations, environmental stewardship and the generation of sustainable value throughout its worldwide activities.

The EcoVadis framework appraisals in four principal domains: environmental impact, labour and human rights, ethical conduct and sustainable procurement. This methodology offers a thorough benchmark for corporate sustainability. Earning Platinum recognition for two straight years indicates that Giti's environmental, social and governance efforts are not only effective but are also demonstrating ongoing enhancement.

Complementing this accolade, Giti’s manufacturing sites in Anhui and Fujian, China, recently secured ISCC+ certification. This dual achievement illustrates the company's holistic sustainability strategy. This approach encompasses corporate governance and operational excellence while also ensuring the responsible procurement of materials essential for developing next-generation tyres.

As the worldwide mobility industry moves towards more environmentally friendly solutions, Giti is persistently investing in advancements aimed at minimising ecological impact, all without compromising the safety, durability and performance expected by consumers. These milestones reinforce Giti's goal to emerge as a prominent contributor to sustainable mobility within the international tyre sector, offering conscientious products and methods that support its customers, collaborators and communities.

Francois Petiot, Director, International QA Centre, said, “Reaching the top is difficult – but staying at the top of the mountain is even harder. This achievement shows not only our commitment to sustainability, responsible business practices and continuous improvement but also the dedication and teamwork of everyone involved.”

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Agricultural machinery specialist Emyr Evans marked four decades in business by restoring the first new tractor it ever sold. The Massey Ferguson 3065, originally purchased in late December 1995 for New Year delivery, has been beautifully brought back to life. It now rides on the latest MICHELIN AgriBib 2 tyres, supplied and fitted by Saracens, a trusted partner and part of the Michelin Quality Centre network. The tyres fitted are 340/85 R24 on the front and 420/85 R34 on the rear.

Emyr Evans founded the company with his wife Gwenda in 1986, starting with used tractors before becoming a Massey Ferguson dealer for Anglesey and Gwynedd in 1996 from their base in Gaerwen. By 2002, their territory had expanded to cover all of North Wales to the Cheshire border, prompting the opening of a second depot in Denbigh. Over the years, the business has grown by adding major franchises including JCB, Fendt, McHale, Pottinger and Bailey. Today, their sons Gwynedd and Berwyn manage the two depots.

The restored tractor is a significant piece of the company’s history, representing the last of Massey Ferguson’s 3000 series of versatile mid-range tractors. It was originally sold to a farmer in Anglesey and had worked there ever since. Despite its coastal location near the Irish Sea, it remained in working order but required dedicated care and attention.

The choice of modern Michelin tyres highlights the evolution in agricultural technology. The current AgriBib 2, with its improved tread pattern featuring 45-degree lugs, offers enhanced traction, durability and a higher load index to cope with the increasing weight of modern machinery. Comparing it to the Bib’X M18 from the 1990s illustrates this progress. For example, a 16.9 R34 Bib’X M18 carried a maximum load of 2,060 kg at 40 kmph, while the equivalent AgriBib 2 now carries 3,075 kg, an increase of over a tonne per tyre.

The restored Massey Ferguson 3065 is being showcased along with a collection of vintage tractors at the company’s 40th Anniversary Open Days (11 and 12 March) at their Denbigh depot on the Colomendy Industrial Estate.

Berwyn Evans, Director at the business, said, “The tractor was sold to a farmer in Anglesey and has been working there ever since. Due to the location by the Irish Sea, it needed some TLC but was still in working order. As the tractor is now 30 years old, it’s been a challenge tracking down replacement parts but a worthwhile one. When it came to fitting new tyres to this special tractor, the only choice was Michelin, which is king in the agricultural world.”

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Bridgestone Central Europe has announced leadership changes effective 1 March 2026, with Francesco Landolfo stepping into the role of Business Unit Director Commercial CER. He will oversee operations across Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

Landolfo takes over from Christoph Frost, who guided the commercial division for eight years and was instrumental in embedding the company’s premium approach throughout the region. Frost transitions to a new capacity as Director of Retread Business for Bridgestone EMEA, where he will manage the Bandag retreading enterprise across Europe.

Christoph Frost, Director Retread Business Bridgestone EMEA.

Waqqas Ahmad, Vice President Commercial Europe, highlighted that these moves are vital for advancing the premium strategy in Central Europe and within the retread sector. He noted that both individuals possess the necessary expertise and forward-thinking mindset to deepen client connections and reinforce the brand’s upmarket standing

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Omni United has announced the appointment of Dr Mika Lahtinen as Associate Vice-President for Raw Materials and Compounding. The appointment is intended to internalise expert-led design and performance for the rubber compounds used in the company’s flagship brand, Radar Tires.

Dr Lahtinen joins the Singapore-headquartered firm with over 20 years of experience in tyre material innovation. He previously led material development at Nokian Tyres and managed global technology for tyre oils at Nynas, operating across Finland, Sweden and Singapore.

He holds a PhD in Polymer Materials Technology, and at Omni United, he will be involved in the development of materials and compounds, as well as collaboration with global suppliers to advance the company's tyre technology.

The move is designed to provide the manufacturer with direct control over the chemical engineering of its products. Omni United, founded in 2003, markets a range of consumer and commercial tyres under brands including Radar Tires, Patriot Tires and RoadLux.

Omni United sells products in more than 50 countries. Its primary brand, Radar Tires, has been manufactured as a carbon-neutral product since 2013. The integration of in-house compounding expertise is expected to support the company's commitment to innovation and logistics solutions within the global automotive sector.

In an statement the company stated, ‘Bringing Mika’s expertise in-house is a strong addition to our team. It allows us to take a more direct, expert-led approach to the design and performance of Radar Tires’ rubber compounds. With over 20 years in tyre material innovation, Mika has an extensive background in developing breakthrough materials, developing cutting-edge compounds, and collaborating with global suppliers to advance tyre technology.’

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