• Plastic ( soft or malleable) at normal ambient temperatures
• A melting point above approximately 45 °C.
• A  relatively low viscosity when melted (unlike many plastics)
• Insoluble in water
• Hydrophobic

We shall be discussing here on the waxes which are only being used in the rubber and plastic industry. Beeswax, perhaps , is the first wax which used by human in the beginning of our civilization, was one of the important renewable source of fuel. The honey comb formed by bees has typical hexagonal geometric pattern (Fig.1). Bees wax is used in tire building drum, if the rubber is too sticky, it can also be used in two roll mill to take care of rubber sticking to the rolls. It is frequently being used in the BC, MC, PC, TB  inner-tube making industry during pre-forming operation in the green stage when inner-tubes are expanded under mild air pressure just before curing in mold.

The main commercial source of wax is, however, crude oil but not all crude oil refiners produce wax. "Mineral" wax can also be produced from lignite. Plants, animals and even insects produce materials sold in commerce as "wax". There are five categories of waxes being used in rubber industries :

• Bees Wax
• Paraffin Wax - made of long-chain alkane hydrocarbons
• Microcrystalline Wax - with very fine crystalline structure
• Chlorinated Paraffin Wax
• Polyethylene Wax
• Chlorinated Polyethylene Wax

The major uses of petroleum based waxes are in rubber, cosmetics and in Candle industry. They are generally white in color but show usual brown color (Fig.2) due to contaminated with oil traces. Two types of waxes, in general, are used in rubber industry, Paraffinic wax and Microcrystalline wax. Its normal dose is 1-3 phr and high level of wax impairs low temperature flexibility and compression set. Rubber compounder considers wax as a very important processing aid because it has following advantages:

• Improves mixing properties

  

   

• Improves dispersion of filler and other ingredients
• Improves extrusion properties
• Improves upon extrudate and calendared surface finish
• Protects surface and acts as antioxidant /antiozonate

Paraffin and Microcrystalline waxes are derived from petroleum. They are easy to recover and offer a wide range of physical properties that can often be tailored by refining processes. Most producers offer two distinct types of petroleum waxes: paraffins, which are distinguished by large, well formed crystals; and microcrystallines, which are higher melting waxes with small, irregular crystals. Microcrystalline wax contains substantial proportions of branched and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons in addition to normal alkanes.

Some producers also sell "intermediate" wax, in which the boiling range is cut where the transition in crystal size and structure occur. Petroleum wax producers also characterize wax by degree of refinement; fully refined paraffin has oil content generally less than 0.5% and fully-refined micro-crystalline less than 3%. Paraffin wax produced from petroleum is essentially a pure mixture of normal and iso-alkanes without the esters, acids, etc. found in the animal and vegetable-based waxes.

Paraffin wax (or simply "paraffin") is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 47-64 °C  and having a density of around 0.9 g/cm³. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents, but burns readily. Paraffin wax is generally unbranched hydrocarbon having carbon above C₁₇ and  are solid at room temperature. Their carbon atoms typically ranges between C₁₇ - C₃₀ and having typical melting point around 60°C. All paraffinic wax are recovered from fractional distillation of petroleum.The name paraffin implies that it contains straight hydrocarbon structure but it has branch also. Branched paraffins are called ‘Isoparafins’ and cyclic parafins are called ‘Cresines’ or ‘Isoceresies’.

Pure paraffin wax dose in rubber compounding varies from 1-3 phr. Pure paraffin wax is rarely used these days in rubber industry as it has oozing character and in excess it causes blooming on green rubber components, that results in reduction in compound tack. They are frequently blended with microcrystalline wax in rubber compounding therefore.

Pure paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with an electrical resistivity of between 10¹³ and 10¹⁷ ohm meter. This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably teflon or polytetrafluoroethylene). It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron. Paraffin wax (C₂₅H₅₂) is an excellent material to store heat, having a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J g^–1 K^–1 (joule per gram per kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g^–1(joule per gram). This property is exploited in modified drywall for home building material.

Microcrystalline waxes: This is produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. Microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons with comparatively higher melting point than paraffinic wax. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes. The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight chain components which they contain. Typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax. It is commonly used in rubber formulation and cosmetic formulations.

Its usual carbon atom ranges from C₄₀–C₇₀ , having comparatively higher melting point (Fig.4) between 80-105 ⁰C because they have higher number of carbon. Common dose in rubber compounding is between 1-3 phr. Some time higher dose of  100% Micro crystalline wax is difficult to process and as a result they are often blended with paraffinic wax for rubber use. Blending is also done for economical reasons as microcrystalline wax is comparatively costlier. Paraffinic wax, having smaller molecular weight bleeds faster in cured rubber article, whereas, 100% micro crystalline wax  will have inherent resistance to faster volatilization and eventually, blended wax will have an intermediate property. Refineries may also utilize blending facilities to combine paraffin and microcrystalline waxes. This type of activity is prevalent especially for industries such as tire and rubber industries.

Higher dose of antioxidant and anti ozonates are always advised to add along with microcrystalline wax because the later help slower migration of antioxidant and antiozonates on the product surface and thereby increase on the product durability against ageing process. Tire curing bladder is often blended with 1-3 phr of microcrystalline wax.

Chlorinated Paraffin Wax

Upon chlorination of paraffinic wax we get Chlorinated Paraffin Wax(CPW). This is available in batch process that is processed from effective exothermic reaction. This reaction generates a by-product hydrochloric acid that is later removed out of the solution. Finally stabilizer and solution is mixed that provide the required final product, which is used in various industrial applications. With 30 to 70% chlorine and insolubility in water, these CPWs have low vapor pressure. Chlorinated Paraffin Wax is highly inert, insoluble in water and they have low vapor pressure. Generally used as plasticizers in plastic and elastomers, where flame retardant property is important.

Polyethylene waxes (PE-Wax)

Polyethylene waxes or PE-Wax is same familiar polyethylene chemical structure (Fig.5) but with lower molecular weight , generally around or less than 3000.This is a processing aid in elastomer and plastics but basically they are a form of synthetic resins. It is a white solid product (Fig.6) appears in the market as powdery, lumpy, or flaky product. It is a non-toxic product having concentrated distribution of molecular weight of 1500 with specific gravity about 0.94 with high softening point but low fusion viscosity with melting point; 112 - 118°C, melt peak 110 °C, flash point 210°C, minimum. It has excellent stability against polishing, scratch resistance, metal mark resistance, scuff resistance. PE-Wax is resistant to water and chemical materials.

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Birla Carbon, a leading global manufacturer and supplier of high-quality carbon materials, is joining forces with the Indian Carbon Society (ICS), the International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI) and Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) to host the Conference on Advanced Carbon Materials (CACM) 2026. Scheduled to take place from 18 to 20 February 2026 at the BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, this event underscores Birla Carbon's deep expertise and ongoing dedication to progress in the carbon materials sector. The company’s commitment is evident through its evolving portfolio, which features industry-leading carbon black, carbon nanotubes and sustainable carbon innovations.

During the conference, Birla Carbon will showcase how its engineered carbon solutions are driving next-generation energy systems and advancing nanotube-enhanced materials. Presentations will highlight developments in customised carbon black architectures designed to improve durability and performance in tyres, rubber products and specialised applications. Additionally, the company will share progress on low-carbon materials derived from bio-based and circular feedstocks, contributing to a wider transition towards sustainable manufacturing practices.

CACM 2026 aims to unite leading scientists, technologists and industry professionals in the field of carbon science and engineering. The event seeks to encourage collaboration among academic, industrial and research sectors, highlight groundbreaking innovations and address key strategic and national priorities in the development of advanced carbon materials.

Dr Ann Schoeb, Chief R&D Officer and Energy Systems, Business Head, Birla Carbon, said, “Innovation in carbon materials is at the core of Birla Carbon’s DNA. Our commitment to advancing material science drives us to collaborate with leading academic and research institutions that share our vision for the future. Carbon materials will play an increasingly critical role in enabling high-performance and next-generation applications across industries. At the same time, they are instrumental in enhancing sustainability and circularity, supporting the transition towards a lower-carbon economy and improving quality of life globally.”

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Birla Carbon, a leading global manufacturer and supplier of high-quality carbon materials, is set to take part in PaintIndia 2026, scheduled from 19 to 21 February 2026 at the Bombay Exhibition Centre in Mumbai. The company will be located at Booth L3 in Hall 4. At the exhibition, Birla Carbon will highlight its dedication to innovation tailored to specific applications, alongside its strengths in localised production and dependable supply chains, all aimed at supporting the paints and coatings sector with an extensive lineup of advanced carbon-based products.

A key focus will be the Raven line of speciality carbon blacks, engineered to address the shifting needs of modern coatings and inks in terms of performance, appearance and manufacturing efficiency. Visitors will encounter a variety of Raven grades designed to deliver exceptional blackness, precise tonal qualities and consistent results across multiple formulation types. Among these are solutions optimised for waterborne, solvent-based and powder coatings, such as the Raven 5000 Ultra, Raven 5100 Ultra and Raven 3500, which are known for their deep blue shades and reliable colour output.

The company will also present specialised grades developed for powder coatings and inks, including the Raven 1035 Powder, Raven 1185 Ultra Powder and Raven 1255 Powder. These products are part of a globally recognised portfolio of treated blacks now manufactured in India, offering reduced delivery times and greater supply stability along with superior performance characteristics. In addition, Birla Carbon will feature its broader range of advanced materials, which includes Nanocyl carbon nanotubes like the NC7000, Aquacyl and Epocyl, prized for their high electrical conductivity in various coating applications.

Conductex carbon blacks, noted for their ease of dispersion and strong conductive properties, will be presented as ideal for flooring coatings and primers. The Continua SCM line, a sustainable carbonaceous material, will also be on display, distinguished by its uniform quality, lower carbon footprint and elevated purity that meets food-contact standards and other rigorous requirements. Overall, Birla Carbon’s presence at PaintIndia 2026 will underscore its ongoing commitment to developing high-performance materials and solutions shaped by customer needs.

John Davidson, Chief Sales, Marketing & Sustainability Officer, Birla Carbon, said, “PaintIndia 2026 provides an important platform to exchange ideas, showcase innovation and collaborate on the next phase of coatings development in India and globally. Birla Carbon formulations are being improved in multiple dimensions today. The focus is on helping formulators with new materials science solutions that deliver both performance and predictability, with higher purity levels suitable for food-contact compliance. We continue to advance responsible innovation through solutions such as Continua SCM, our sustainable carbonaceous material designed to support mitigated CO₂ emissions with consistent quality and supply security. And of course, we are delighted to offer a range of ‘Made in India’ high-performance grades fresh from our new facility in India.”

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Liberty Tire Recycling, a prominent player in North America's tyre recycling sector, has received a Bronze sustainability medal from EcoVadis. This recognition places the company within the top 35 percent of over 150,000 businesses evaluated globally by the rating agency. The achievement underscores Liberty's ongoing dedication to fostering a resilient and transparent operational model, which in turn supports its clients in mitigating environmental and supply chain vulnerabilities.

As a dedicated partner in sustainability, Liberty manages nationwide collections of end-of-life tyres and employs advanced processing techniques. These processes convert scrap tyres into valuable raw materials, including recycled rubber and steel. Through its family of companies, Liberty transforms these materials into a diverse array of high-value products. These range from landscaping mulch and moulded rubber goods to specialised surfaces for sports and recreation, as well as advanced materials for construction and industrial use, all designed to assist customers in reaching their own sustainability targets.

In its second year of assessment, Liberty significantly enhanced its overall EcoVadis score to 66 out of 100, securing a position in the 73rd percentile. The company surpassed the average scores for the Waste Recovery industry across all four evaluation categories. Specifically, Liberty achieved scores of 76 in Environment, 65 in Labor and Human Rights, 62 in Ethics and 50 in Sustainable Procurement, compared to industry averages of 56, 54, 46, and 39, respectively. EcoVadis, a globally trusted provider of business sustainability ratings, bases its evaluations on documented policies, concrete actions and performance data, with regular reassessments to encourage continuous improvement.

This latest rating acknowledges Liberty's extensive efforts to sustainably manage more than 215 million scrap tyres each year. Looking ahead, the company has established an ambitious target of achieving zero-waste operations by 2030. Concurrently, it is expanding its range of sustainable product solutions, effectively channelling recycled materials back into both consumer and industrial markets.

Amy Brackin, Senior Vice President – Sustainability, Liberty Tire Recycling, said, “This recognition affirms that our sustainability strategy is ambitious, measurable and credible. Earning a Bronze medal in our second year demonstrates that Liberty is a partner our customers can rely on to help meet their own circularity and responsible sourcing goals.”

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Zeon Corporation and Visolis Inc. have formalised their partnership by signing a binding term sheet, marking a pivotal advancement in the commercialisation of bio-based isoprene monomer and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF).

This collaboration, which now moves from technology verification towards project implementation, is built upon the progress made since their initial memorandum of understanding in March 2024 and the subsequent joint feasibility study announced in April 2025. Bio-based isoprene monomer serves as an essential component in the production of synthetic rubbers and various other materials, while SAF is increasingly recognised as a critical next-generation fuel for reducing carbon emissions within the aviation industry.

The newly established term sheet outlines a foundational agreement on the key elements required for a final investment decision. These include defining the business structure and the respective roles of each company, establishing technology and development strategies and advancing detailed engineering for the proposed production facility. Furthermore, the agreement covers the evaluation of potential sites, the process for engaging with suppliers, securing necessary regulatory approvals and planning the financing pathway.

The envisioned facility is set to commence commercial-scale output after successfully demonstrating mass production capabilities for biomass-based isoprene and SAF, utilising Visolis’ proprietary technology. Both companies are now committed to expediting the path to full-scale production and ensuring a steady supply of these sustainable products to the global market.

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