• Plastic ( soft or malleable) at normal ambient temperatures
• A melting point above approximately 45 °C.
• A  relatively low viscosity when melted (unlike many plastics)
• Insoluble in water
• Hydrophobic

We shall be discussing here on the waxes which are only being used in the rubber and plastic industry. Beeswax, perhaps , is the first wax which used by human in the beginning of our civilization, was one of the important renewable source of fuel. The honey comb formed by bees has typical hexagonal geometric pattern (Fig.1). Bees wax is used in tire building drum, if the rubber is too sticky, it can also be used in two roll mill to take care of rubber sticking to the rolls. It is frequently being used in the BC, MC, PC, TB  inner-tube making industry during pre-forming operation in the green stage when inner-tubes are expanded under mild air pressure just before curing in mold.

The main commercial source of wax is, however, crude oil but not all crude oil refiners produce wax. "Mineral" wax can also be produced from lignite. Plants, animals and even insects produce materials sold in commerce as "wax". There are five categories of waxes being used in rubber industries :

• Bees Wax
• Paraffin Wax - made of long-chain alkane hydrocarbons
• Microcrystalline Wax - with very fine crystalline structure
• Chlorinated Paraffin Wax
• Polyethylene Wax
• Chlorinated Polyethylene Wax

The major uses of petroleum based waxes are in rubber, cosmetics and in Candle industry. They are generally white in color but show usual brown color (Fig.2) due to contaminated with oil traces. Two types of waxes, in general, are used in rubber industry, Paraffinic wax and Microcrystalline wax. Its normal dose is 1-3 phr and high level of wax impairs low temperature flexibility and compression set. Rubber compounder considers wax as a very important processing aid because it has following advantages:

• Improves mixing properties

  

   

• Improves dispersion of filler and other ingredients
• Improves extrusion properties
• Improves upon extrudate and calendared surface finish
• Protects surface and acts as antioxidant /antiozonate

Paraffin and Microcrystalline waxes are derived from petroleum. They are easy to recover and offer a wide range of physical properties that can often be tailored by refining processes. Most producers offer two distinct types of petroleum waxes: paraffins, which are distinguished by large, well formed crystals; and microcrystallines, which are higher melting waxes with small, irregular crystals. Microcrystalline wax contains substantial proportions of branched and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons in addition to normal alkanes.

Some producers also sell "intermediate" wax, in which the boiling range is cut where the transition in crystal size and structure occur. Petroleum wax producers also characterize wax by degree of refinement; fully refined paraffin has oil content generally less than 0.5% and fully-refined micro-crystalline less than 3%. Paraffin wax produced from petroleum is essentially a pure mixture of normal and iso-alkanes without the esters, acids, etc. found in the animal and vegetable-based waxes.

Paraffin wax (or simply "paraffin") is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 47-64 °C  and having a density of around 0.9 g/cm³. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents, but burns readily. Paraffin wax is generally unbranched hydrocarbon having carbon above C₁₇ and  are solid at room temperature. Their carbon atoms typically ranges between C₁₇ - C₃₀ and having typical melting point around 60°C. All paraffinic wax are recovered from fractional distillation of petroleum.The name paraffin implies that it contains straight hydrocarbon structure but it has branch also. Branched paraffins are called ‘Isoparafins’ and cyclic parafins are called ‘Cresines’ or ‘Isoceresies’.

Pure paraffin wax dose in rubber compounding varies from 1-3 phr. Pure paraffin wax is rarely used these days in rubber industry as it has oozing character and in excess it causes blooming on green rubber components, that results in reduction in compound tack. They are frequently blended with microcrystalline wax in rubber compounding therefore.

Pure paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with an electrical resistivity of between 10¹³ and 10¹⁷ ohm meter. This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably teflon or polytetrafluoroethylene). It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron. Paraffin wax (C₂₅H₅₂) is an excellent material to store heat, having a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J g^–1 K^–1 (joule per gram per kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g^–1(joule per gram). This property is exploited in modified drywall for home building material.

Microcrystalline waxes: This is produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. Microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons with comparatively higher melting point than paraffinic wax. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes. The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight chain components which they contain. Typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax. It is commonly used in rubber formulation and cosmetic formulations.

Its usual carbon atom ranges from C₄₀–C₇₀ , having comparatively higher melting point (Fig.4) between 80-105 ⁰C because they have higher number of carbon. Common dose in rubber compounding is between 1-3 phr. Some time higher dose of  100% Micro crystalline wax is difficult to process and as a result they are often blended with paraffinic wax for rubber use. Blending is also done for economical reasons as microcrystalline wax is comparatively costlier. Paraffinic wax, having smaller molecular weight bleeds faster in cured rubber article, whereas, 100% micro crystalline wax  will have inherent resistance to faster volatilization and eventually, blended wax will have an intermediate property. Refineries may also utilize blending facilities to combine paraffin and microcrystalline waxes. This type of activity is prevalent especially for industries such as tire and rubber industries.

Higher dose of antioxidant and anti ozonates are always advised to add along with microcrystalline wax because the later help slower migration of antioxidant and antiozonates on the product surface and thereby increase on the product durability against ageing process. Tire curing bladder is often blended with 1-3 phr of microcrystalline wax.

Chlorinated Paraffin Wax

Upon chlorination of paraffinic wax we get Chlorinated Paraffin Wax(CPW). This is available in batch process that is processed from effective exothermic reaction. This reaction generates a by-product hydrochloric acid that is later removed out of the solution. Finally stabilizer and solution is mixed that provide the required final product, which is used in various industrial applications. With 30 to 70% chlorine and insolubility in water, these CPWs have low vapor pressure. Chlorinated Paraffin Wax is highly inert, insoluble in water and they have low vapor pressure. Generally used as plasticizers in plastic and elastomers, where flame retardant property is important.

Polyethylene waxes (PE-Wax)

Polyethylene waxes or PE-Wax is same familiar polyethylene chemical structure (Fig.5) but with lower molecular weight , generally around or less than 3000.This is a processing aid in elastomer and plastics but basically they are a form of synthetic resins. It is a white solid product (Fig.6) appears in the market as powdery, lumpy, or flaky product. It is a non-toxic product having concentrated distribution of molecular weight of 1500 with specific gravity about 0.94 with high softening point but low fusion viscosity with melting point; 112 - 118°C, melt peak 110 °C, flash point 210°C, minimum. It has excellent stability against polishing, scratch resistance, metal mark resistance, scuff resistance. PE-Wax is resistant to water and chemical materials.

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Kraton Corporation, a leading global producer of speciality polymers and high-value biobased products derived from pine chemicals, has unveiled a comprehensive new suite of long-term sustainability goals. These ambitious 2032 targets, which build upon the company's established record of environmental stewardship, focus on substantial reductions in carbon emissions, water consumption and waste generation. This initiative underscores Kraton's strategic commitment to fostering a sustainable business that delivers lasting value.

The new objectives were formulated following an extensive internal assessment of emissions and resource efficiency. This detailed evaluation included energy audits and site-specific reviews of water and waste, resulting in a robust framework designed to solidify Kraton's position as a leader in the transition toward a low-carbon and resource-conscious economy. By 2032, the company aims to achieve a 30 percent absolute reduction in its direct and indirect (Scope 1 & 2) greenhouse gas emissions, alongside a 30 percent intensity reduction in emissions from its supply chain (Scope 3.1). Further goals include a 10 percent intensity reduction in both water use and waste production.

This environmental strategy is intrinsically linked to Kraton's product innovation. The company is expanding its portfolio of sustainable solutions, supported by lifecycle assessment data and third-party certifications like ISCC PLUS, to assist its customers in minimising their own environmental footprint. Kraton's dedication to corporate responsibility has been consistently recognised, evidenced by its receipt of the EcoVadis Platinum rating for the fifth consecutive year, highlighting its ongoing advancement in sustainability management and performance.

Marcello Boldrini, Chief Executive Officer, Kraton, said “At Kraton, sustainability is the foundation of how we create value, innovate and lead for the future. These new long-term targets reflect our commitment to drive meaningful impact across our operations and value chain while supporting our customers in achieving their own sustainability goals.”

Rogier Roelen, Chief Sustainability Officer & General Counsel, Kraton, said “Our new targets are designed to meet our customer expectations for transparency, innovation, upstream raw material decarbonisation and resource efficiency while maintaining the flexibility needed to support business growth. Kraton’s supplier engagement programme will be instrumental in achieving our goals, and we will continue to collaborate closely with our partners to drive progress together.”

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In a strategic move to bolster its international presence, HS HYOSUNG ADVANCED MATERIALS is establishing a new production subsidiary in India. The company will invest USD 30 million to form HS Hyosung India Private Limited, located in the industrially significant state of Maharashtra. This region is an economic powerhouse within India, making it an ideal location for the new tyre cord manufacturing plant, which is scheduled to be operational by 2027.

This significant investment is a direct response to India's emergence as the world's third-largest automobile market. The country's ongoing infrastructure development and a rapidly expanding logistics sector are creating a surge in demand for tyres, and consequently, for the materials used to make them. By localising production, the company aims to build a more resilient supply chain, increase its market share and respond more dynamically to the needs of the Indian market. The facility, situated on a 230,000-sqm site in the Nagpur Industrial Complex, is planned not only for tyre cord production but also for future expansion into other product lines like airbag fabrics.

As the global leader in polyester tyre cord manufacturing for over two decades, HS HYOSUNG ADVANCED MATERIALS commands approximately half of the worldwide market share. These cords are critical reinforcement components inside tyres, enhancing their safety, durability and overall performance. The company supports its market position with a global production and research network spanning Vietnam, China and United States. It is also actively innovating to meet new mobility demands, having created advanced products such as high-strength and high-modulus tyre cords tailored for electric vehicles, which has solidified its reputation with major tyre producers globally.

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According to a recent analysis by the International Rubber Study Group (IRSG), an inter-governmental organisation composed of rubber producing and consuming stakeholders located in Singapore, India's rubber industry demonstrated robust performance in the first half of 2025. The sector saw demand for both natural and synthetic rubber continue to outpace supply. Natural rubber consumption grew by 2.1 percent against a 1.9 percent production increase. The synthetic rubber market expanded even more rapidly, with consumption rising 5.6 percent and production increasing 5.4 percent.

The automotive tyre industry remains the primary market force, consuming 62.8 percent of all natural rubber and 68.9 percent of synthetic rubber. This sustained demand from tyre manufacturers occurred alongside mixed vehicle sales figures. While passenger car sales experienced a slight decline of 0.1 percent, this was counterbalanced by healthy growth in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments, which increased by 0.9 percent and 6.5 percent, respectively.

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The Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC) has released its Monthly NR Statistical Report for September 2025, providing an overview of key developments in the global natural rubber sector.

The ANRPC Statistics and Information Committee (ISC) presented an updated perspective on the global supply-demand landscape for 2025 and examined updated 2024 statistics and growth rates during the October 2025 Annual Assembly Sessions. September saw price volatility and pressure as output increased while demand stayed low. However, tapping activities were limited in several producing regions due to rains and labour limitations, which contributed to a passive production rise that was not anticipated during the peak production season.

Global natural rubber (NR) output is expected to increase slightly by 1.3 percent in 2025 compared to 2024, according to recent reports from ANRPC member nations, after Indonesia's production base was revised downward. Concurrently, it is anticipated that NR demand would increase by 0.8 percent in 2025 due to an increase in Indonesia's consumer base. Although there were some indications of recovery in the tyre sector in a few countries, market mood remained divided.

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