• Plastic ( soft or malleable) at normal ambient temperatures
• A melting point above approximately 45 °C.
• A  relatively low viscosity when melted (unlike many plastics)
• Insoluble in water
• Hydrophobic

We shall be discussing here on the waxes which are only being used in the rubber and plastic industry. Beeswax, perhaps , is the first wax which used by human in the beginning of our civilization, was one of the important renewable source of fuel. The honey comb formed by bees has typical hexagonal geometric pattern (Fig.1). Bees wax is used in tire building drum, if the rubber is too sticky, it can also be used in two roll mill to take care of rubber sticking to the rolls. It is frequently being used in the BC, MC, PC, TB  inner-tube making industry during pre-forming operation in the green stage when inner-tubes are expanded under mild air pressure just before curing in mold.

The main commercial source of wax is, however, crude oil but not all crude oil refiners produce wax. "Mineral" wax can also be produced from lignite. Plants, animals and even insects produce materials sold in commerce as "wax". There are five categories of waxes being used in rubber industries :

• Bees Wax
• Paraffin Wax - made of long-chain alkane hydrocarbons
• Microcrystalline Wax - with very fine crystalline structure
• Chlorinated Paraffin Wax
• Polyethylene Wax
• Chlorinated Polyethylene Wax

The major uses of petroleum based waxes are in rubber, cosmetics and in Candle industry. They are generally white in color but show usual brown color (Fig.2) due to contaminated with oil traces. Two types of waxes, in general, are used in rubber industry, Paraffinic wax and Microcrystalline wax. Its normal dose is 1-3 phr and high level of wax impairs low temperature flexibility and compression set. Rubber compounder considers wax as a very important processing aid because it has following advantages:

• Improves mixing properties

  

   

• Improves dispersion of filler and other ingredients
• Improves extrusion properties
• Improves upon extrudate and calendared surface finish
• Protects surface and acts as antioxidant /antiozonate

Paraffin and Microcrystalline waxes are derived from petroleum. They are easy to recover and offer a wide range of physical properties that can often be tailored by refining processes. Most producers offer two distinct types of petroleum waxes: paraffins, which are distinguished by large, well formed crystals; and microcrystallines, which are higher melting waxes with small, irregular crystals. Microcrystalline wax contains substantial proportions of branched and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons in addition to normal alkanes.

Some producers also sell "intermediate" wax, in which the boiling range is cut where the transition in crystal size and structure occur. Petroleum wax producers also characterize wax by degree of refinement; fully refined paraffin has oil content generally less than 0.5% and fully-refined micro-crystalline less than 3%. Paraffin wax produced from petroleum is essentially a pure mixture of normal and iso-alkanes without the esters, acids, etc. found in the animal and vegetable-based waxes.

Paraffin wax (or simply "paraffin") is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 47-64 °C  and having a density of around 0.9 g/cm³. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents, but burns readily. Paraffin wax is generally unbranched hydrocarbon having carbon above C₁₇ and  are solid at room temperature. Their carbon atoms typically ranges between C₁₇ - C₃₀ and having typical melting point around 60°C. All paraffinic wax are recovered from fractional distillation of petroleum.The name paraffin implies that it contains straight hydrocarbon structure but it has branch also. Branched paraffins are called ‘Isoparafins’ and cyclic parafins are called ‘Cresines’ or ‘Isoceresies’.

Pure paraffin wax dose in rubber compounding varies from 1-3 phr. Pure paraffin wax is rarely used these days in rubber industry as it has oozing character and in excess it causes blooming on green rubber components, that results in reduction in compound tack. They are frequently blended with microcrystalline wax in rubber compounding therefore.

Pure paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with an electrical resistivity of between 10¹³ and 10¹⁷ ohm meter. This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably teflon or polytetrafluoroethylene). It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron. Paraffin wax (C₂₅H₅₂) is an excellent material to store heat, having a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J g^–1 K^–1 (joule per gram per kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g^–1(joule per gram). This property is exploited in modified drywall for home building material.

Microcrystalline waxes: This is produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. Microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons with comparatively higher melting point than paraffinic wax. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes. The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight chain components which they contain. Typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax. It is commonly used in rubber formulation and cosmetic formulations.

Its usual carbon atom ranges from C₄₀–C₇₀ , having comparatively higher melting point (Fig.4) between 80-105 ⁰C because they have higher number of carbon. Common dose in rubber compounding is between 1-3 phr. Some time higher dose of  100% Micro crystalline wax is difficult to process and as a result they are often blended with paraffinic wax for rubber use. Blending is also done for economical reasons as microcrystalline wax is comparatively costlier. Paraffinic wax, having smaller molecular weight bleeds faster in cured rubber article, whereas, 100% micro crystalline wax  will have inherent resistance to faster volatilization and eventually, blended wax will have an intermediate property. Refineries may also utilize blending facilities to combine paraffin and microcrystalline waxes. This type of activity is prevalent especially for industries such as tire and rubber industries.

Higher dose of antioxidant and anti ozonates are always advised to add along with microcrystalline wax because the later help slower migration of antioxidant and antiozonates on the product surface and thereby increase on the product durability against ageing process. Tire curing bladder is often blended with 1-3 phr of microcrystalline wax.

Chlorinated Paraffin Wax

Upon chlorination of paraffinic wax we get Chlorinated Paraffin Wax(CPW). This is available in batch process that is processed from effective exothermic reaction. This reaction generates a by-product hydrochloric acid that is later removed out of the solution. Finally stabilizer and solution is mixed that provide the required final product, which is used in various industrial applications. With 30 to 70% chlorine and insolubility in water, these CPWs have low vapor pressure. Chlorinated Paraffin Wax is highly inert, insoluble in water and they have low vapor pressure. Generally used as plasticizers in plastic and elastomers, where flame retardant property is important.

Polyethylene waxes (PE-Wax)

Polyethylene waxes or PE-Wax is same familiar polyethylene chemical structure (Fig.5) but with lower molecular weight , generally around or less than 3000.This is a processing aid in elastomer and plastics but basically they are a form of synthetic resins. It is a white solid product (Fig.6) appears in the market as powdery, lumpy, or flaky product. It is a non-toxic product having concentrated distribution of molecular weight of 1500 with specific gravity about 0.94 with high softening point but low fusion viscosity with melting point; 112 - 118°C, melt peak 110 °C, flash point 210°C, minimum. It has excellent stability against polishing, scratch resistance, metal mark resistance, scuff resistance. PE-Wax is resistant to water and chemical materials.

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Nynas has played a pivotal role in a landmark achievement for Croatia's energy sector by supplying its advanced NYTRO BIO 300X insulating liquid. This fully renewable fluid has been used for the first time in the Croatian market to fill a 630 kVA distribution transformer. The unit, manufactured by KONČAR – Distribution & Special Transformers, was recently installed in Zagreb for HEP ODS, the national Distribution System Operator.

This collaboration marks the inaugural deployment of a ‘Green Transformer’ in Croatia, representing a significant advancement for the country's distribution network. The project underscores a unified drive towards greater sustainability and a reduced environmental footprint for critical power infrastructure. For Nynas, this milestone highlights the practical application and reliability of its bio-based product portfolio.

NYTRO BIO 300X is engineered to provide a drop-in solution that combines high oxidation stability and superior cooling performance, allowing operators to enhance their ecological standards without compromising on operational reliability or transformer longevity. The successful installation stands as a testament to how industry partnerships are actively accelerating the transition to a more sustainable energy future.

Ivanka Radić, responsible for transformer oils at KONČAR - D&ST, said, “The thermal and dielectric tests on the transformer filled with NYTRO BIO 300X were successfully completed, and the unit is now fully operational. As expected, all test results were within the required limits, confirming the reliability and stability of this innovative fluid.”

Daniele Frustagli, General Manager Italy & the Balkans at Nynas, said, “We are very proud to have been entrusted with this project by KONČAR - D&ST and HEP ODS Zagreb, allowing us to showcase to them and the entire electrical industry the advantages of this fully renewable, bio-based hydrocarbon liquid. In addition to meeting and exceeding the IEC 60296 ed. 5 (2020) specification, the product is readily biodegradable, fully bio-based and has ultra-low viscosity.”

Vanja Burul, President of the Management Board at KONČAR - D&ST, said, “This project reflects our ongoing efforts to explore more sustainable insulating fluids. We see great potential for further use of NYTRO BIO 300X in future applications.”

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Rhodia, the Latin American polyamide leader and a Solvay Group company, has unveiled a major new multi-year investment initiative for its Santo André industrial facility in São Paulo. This strategic programme, valued at BRL 100 million (USD 18.56 million approximately) and scheduled from 2025 to 2028, is designed to drive modernisation, enhance energy efficiency and foster innovation. The funds are allocated for the creation of advanced technologies and an increase in production capacity, with a particular emphasis on high-value-added products. These include smart wires and sustainable solutions that position the national industry at the global forefront.

This substantial investment underscores Rhodia's confidence in the Brazilian market's potential, which is supported by a business environment moving toward greater competitive balance. The company highlights that predictable market rules and effective trade defence measures are crucial for enabling such long-term commitments. By expanding its operations, Rhodia will not only solidify its leadership in polyamide 6.6 production but also advance the spinning processes for polyamide 6. This move is a fundamental step in securing a reliable supply chain and strengthening Brazilian sovereignty, spanning from raw chemical materials to finished part manufacturing. Ultimately, the initiative reaffirms Rhodia's enduring commitment to the national chemical and textile sectors, ensuring enhanced competitiveness and sustained value generation for the local industry.

Daniela Manique, President – Latin America, Rhodia, said, “These investments reflect our confidence in the Brazilian market and its capacity for innovation. We are prepared to offer advanced and sustainable solutions that meet the demands of the dynamic textile sector. We believe that a fair and predictable competitive environment is the main factor for growth, the preservation of skilled jobs and technological development in Brazil.”

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At the recent Reuters Events – Sustainability Europe 2025 conference in London, Birla Carbon’s President and CEO, John Loudermilk, outlined ambitious plans for the company’s circular product, Continua Sustainable Carbonaceous Material. He revealed a strategic vision to significantly expand its availability, with a target for it to eventually comprise up to 10 percent of the company’s global product portfolio. Sourced from end-of-life tyres, Continua SCM is an industrially-produced material designed to offer the same quality, consistency and technical performance as traditional carbon black.

This innovative material allows manufacturers to integrate greater sustainability and circularity into diverse applications such as tyres, plastics and coatings without sacrificing product performance. Loudermilk emphasised that accelerating this transition requires a multi-faceted approach, including supportive regulatory frameworks, deeper collaboration with tyre pyrolysis technology partners and strengthened customer engagement.

Beyond its circular offering, Birla Carbon is also progressing other sustainability initiatives. These include developing carbon black derived from bio-based feedstocks and exploring advanced carbon capture and conversion technologies. These combined efforts support the company’s overarching aspiration to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, alongside ongoing work to enhance process efficiency and resource utilisation.

Loudermilk said, “While global carbon black consumption typically grows in line with GDP, the demand for sustainable and circular products is increasing at a much faster pace. At Birla Carbon, we see an opportunity to displace up to 10 percent of the carbon black consumption in the world with circular materials like Continua™ SCM, our brand that is derived from end-of-life tyres.”

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Continental has initiated a strategic consolidation of its operations in the United States, which includes the planned closure of its Aldora Mills textile plant in Barnesville, Georgia, by the conclusion of 2026. This decision, impacting approximately 230 employees, follows an extensive review of the company's long-term competitiveness in the Americas. The facility, which produces textile reinforcement materials, including tyre cord fabric, hose yarn and knitted fabric, for exclusive use within Continental’s Tires and ContiTech group sectors, had faced persistent cost challenges for years, with shifting global market conditions ultimately making its continued operation unviable. The company's immediate priority is to provide comprehensive support to the affected staff through career counselling and local employment resources.

Despite this specific closure, Continental is reinforcing its substantial commitment to the US market through continued and significant capital investment. In the past decade alone, the company has directed around USD 1.5 billion into its American manufacturing footprint. This is evidenced by recent projects, such as a major expansion of the ContiTech plant in Mount Pleasant, Iowa and the construction of a new, company-owned tyre distribution centre in the Dallas-Fort Worth area scheduled to open in early 2026.

The company's enduring presence in the country remains robust, with a workforce of over 8,800 people spread across its Tires and ContiTech sectors. Its tyre manufacturing plants located in Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi and South Carolina possess a combined annual production capacity of more than 16 million tyres. The closure of the Aldora Mills facility is therefore presented as a necessary step to safeguard the overall health and future performance of Continental's broader operations across the Americas.

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