• Plastic ( soft or malleable) at normal ambient temperatures
• A melting point above approximately 45 °C.
• A  relatively low viscosity when melted (unlike many plastics)
• Insoluble in water
• Hydrophobic

We shall be discussing here on the waxes which are only being used in the rubber and plastic industry. Beeswax, perhaps , is the first wax which used by human in the beginning of our civilization, was one of the important renewable source of fuel. The honey comb formed by bees has typical hexagonal geometric pattern (Fig.1). Bees wax is used in tire building drum, if the rubber is too sticky, it can also be used in two roll mill to take care of rubber sticking to the rolls. It is frequently being used in the BC, MC, PC, TB  inner-tube making industry during pre-forming operation in the green stage when inner-tubes are expanded under mild air pressure just before curing in mold.

The main commercial source of wax is, however, crude oil but not all crude oil refiners produce wax. "Mineral" wax can also be produced from lignite. Plants, animals and even insects produce materials sold in commerce as "wax". There are five categories of waxes being used in rubber industries :

• Bees Wax
• Paraffin Wax - made of long-chain alkane hydrocarbons
• Microcrystalline Wax - with very fine crystalline structure
• Chlorinated Paraffin Wax
• Polyethylene Wax
• Chlorinated Polyethylene Wax

The major uses of petroleum based waxes are in rubber, cosmetics and in Candle industry. They are generally white in color but show usual brown color (Fig.2) due to contaminated with oil traces. Two types of waxes, in general, are used in rubber industry, Paraffinic wax and Microcrystalline wax. Its normal dose is 1-3 phr and high level of wax impairs low temperature flexibility and compression set. Rubber compounder considers wax as a very important processing aid because it has following advantages:

• Improves mixing properties

  

   

• Improves dispersion of filler and other ingredients
• Improves extrusion properties
• Improves upon extrudate and calendared surface finish
• Protects surface and acts as antioxidant /antiozonate

Paraffin and Microcrystalline waxes are derived from petroleum. They are easy to recover and offer a wide range of physical properties that can often be tailored by refining processes. Most producers offer two distinct types of petroleum waxes: paraffins, which are distinguished by large, well formed crystals; and microcrystallines, which are higher melting waxes with small, irregular crystals. Microcrystalline wax contains substantial proportions of branched and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons in addition to normal alkanes.

Some producers also sell "intermediate" wax, in which the boiling range is cut where the transition in crystal size and structure occur. Petroleum wax producers also characterize wax by degree of refinement; fully refined paraffin has oil content generally less than 0.5% and fully-refined micro-crystalline less than 3%. Paraffin wax produced from petroleum is essentially a pure mixture of normal and iso-alkanes without the esters, acids, etc. found in the animal and vegetable-based waxes.

Paraffin wax (or simply "paraffin") is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 47-64 °C  and having a density of around 0.9 g/cm³. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents, but burns readily. Paraffin wax is generally unbranched hydrocarbon having carbon above C₁₇ and  are solid at room temperature. Their carbon atoms typically ranges between C₁₇ - C₃₀ and having typical melting point around 60°C. All paraffinic wax are recovered from fractional distillation of petroleum.The name paraffin implies that it contains straight hydrocarbon structure but it has branch also. Branched paraffins are called ‘Isoparafins’ and cyclic parafins are called ‘Cresines’ or ‘Isoceresies’.

Pure paraffin wax dose in rubber compounding varies from 1-3 phr. Pure paraffin wax is rarely used these days in rubber industry as it has oozing character and in excess it causes blooming on green rubber components, that results in reduction in compound tack. They are frequently blended with microcrystalline wax in rubber compounding therefore.

Pure paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with an electrical resistivity of between 10¹³ and 10¹⁷ ohm meter. This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably teflon or polytetrafluoroethylene). It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron. Paraffin wax (C₂₅H₅₂) is an excellent material to store heat, having a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J g^–1 K^–1 (joule per gram per kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g^–1(joule per gram). This property is exploited in modified drywall for home building material.

Microcrystalline waxes: This is produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. Microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons with comparatively higher melting point than paraffinic wax. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes. The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight chain components which they contain. Typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax. It is commonly used in rubber formulation and cosmetic formulations.

Its usual carbon atom ranges from C₄₀–C₇₀ , having comparatively higher melting point (Fig.4) between 80-105 ⁰C because they have higher number of carbon. Common dose in rubber compounding is between 1-3 phr. Some time higher dose of  100% Micro crystalline wax is difficult to process and as a result they are often blended with paraffinic wax for rubber use. Blending is also done for economical reasons as microcrystalline wax is comparatively costlier. Paraffinic wax, having smaller molecular weight bleeds faster in cured rubber article, whereas, 100% micro crystalline wax  will have inherent resistance to faster volatilization and eventually, blended wax will have an intermediate property. Refineries may also utilize blending facilities to combine paraffin and microcrystalline waxes. This type of activity is prevalent especially for industries such as tire and rubber industries.

Higher dose of antioxidant and anti ozonates are always advised to add along with microcrystalline wax because the later help slower migration of antioxidant and antiozonates on the product surface and thereby increase on the product durability against ageing process. Tire curing bladder is often blended with 1-3 phr of microcrystalline wax.

Chlorinated Paraffin Wax

Upon chlorination of paraffinic wax we get Chlorinated Paraffin Wax(CPW). This is available in batch process that is processed from effective exothermic reaction. This reaction generates a by-product hydrochloric acid that is later removed out of the solution. Finally stabilizer and solution is mixed that provide the required final product, which is used in various industrial applications. With 30 to 70% chlorine and insolubility in water, these CPWs have low vapor pressure. Chlorinated Paraffin Wax is highly inert, insoluble in water and they have low vapor pressure. Generally used as plasticizers in plastic and elastomers, where flame retardant property is important.

Polyethylene waxes (PE-Wax)

Polyethylene waxes or PE-Wax is same familiar polyethylene chemical structure (Fig.5) but with lower molecular weight , generally around or less than 3000.This is a processing aid in elastomer and plastics but basically they are a form of synthetic resins. It is a white solid product (Fig.6) appears in the market as powdery, lumpy, or flaky product. It is a non-toxic product having concentrated distribution of molecular weight of 1500 with specific gravity about 0.94 with high softening point but low fusion viscosity with melting point; 112 - 118°C, melt peak 110 °C, flash point 210°C, minimum. It has excellent stability against polishing, scratch resistance, metal mark resistance, scuff resistance. PE-Wax is resistant to water and chemical materials.

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Germany's rubber industry continues to face significant headwinds, with fresh data from the German Rubber Industry Association (wdk) revealing a persistent downturn. The figures show employment falling for the fifth year in a row, while production levels have declined for the fourth consecutive year, underscoring the sector's struggle to regain its footing.

The association attributes this stagnation to waning enthusiasm for German rubber goods in both domestic and international markets. Michael Berthel, wdk Chief Economist, described a fundamental shift in procurement behaviour, even within Germany. He noted that purchasing decisions are now driven almost exclusively by price, a stark departure from the historical emphasis on quality and reliability. This change has opened the door to intense international cost competition, placing immense pressure on Germany's medium-sized suppliers. Berthel highlighted that prohibitive domestic costs related to energy, bureaucracy, taxation and labour make it nearly impossible for these firms to compete effectively. Consequently, many are compelled to relocate their investments abroad as a necessary escape from these local burdens, even though their preference would be to maintain and revitalise their operations within Germany after years of strategic transformation.

Against this backdrop, wdk President Michael Klein issued an urgent appeal to the federal government. He acknowledged that the broader struggles of German industry are well documented but stressed the immediate need for decisive political intervention. Klein called for concrete measures to stimulate demand and bolster the nation's competitive edge within Europe without further delay. He warned against allowing the rubber sector to decline quietly, emphasising its critical role in essential areas such as healthcare, infrastructure, security and mobility.

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Punia Metox Private Limited has commenced production at a new manufacturing facility in Thottambedu, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, with operations starting on 12 February 2026.

The plant has an initial production capacity of 12,000 tonnes a year. Its structural design allows capacity to be doubled within four to six months, providing scope for rapid scale-up as demand grows, the company said.

Punia Metox said the facility has been equipped with modern technology to support operational and energy efficiency, safety, sustainability and consistent product quality. The company added that the plant has been designed to enable smooth and seamless operations from the outset.

The expansion forms part of Punia Metox’s strategy to align capacity growth with customer requirements and strengthen its position as a long-term supply partner. The company said the new unit reflects its focus on customer satisfaction, ethical business practices and value-based growth.

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Cabot Corporation said it can now produce circular reinforcing carbons in the Asia-Pacific region after validating manufacturing capability at its plants in Cilegon, Indonesia, and Tianjin, China.

The materials are produced using tyre pyrolysis oil derived from end-of-life tyres and an International Sustainability & Carbon Certification (ISCC) PLUS mass-balance approach. With the addition of the two Asian sites, Cabot said it now has circular reinforcing carbon production capacity across Asia, Europe and the Americas.

Tyre manufacturers are pursuing targets to increase sustainable material use in tyre production, with many aiming for 40 per cent by 2030 and 100 per cent by 2050, the company said. Cabot’s circular reinforcing carbons are designed as a drop-in replacement for conventional carbon black, allowing manufacturers to increase sustainable content without affecting tyre performance.

Aatif Misbah, Vice-President and General Manager for sustainable solutions in Cabot’s reinforcement materials segment, said: “This achievement reflects our deep commitment to delivering sustainable solutions across Asia Pacific and globally. Scaling our circular reinforcing carbon capabilities helps strengthen our role as a trusted partner to the tire industry, while helping to drive meaningful sustainability progress. Looking ahead, we remain focused on supporting our customers’ evolving needs and helping enable a more sustainable future.”

Cabot’s facilities in Ville Platte, Louisiana; Mauá, Brazil; and Valasske Mezirici in the Czech Republic had previously demonstrated circular reinforcing carbon production capability. The products are ISCC PLUS-certified and marketed under the recovered category of Cabot’s EVOLVE Sustainable Solutions platform.

The company said it has 13 ISCC PLUS-certified sites supporting circular reinforcing carbon production across Asia, Europe and the Americas, along with two certified masterbatch and compounding sites in Europe.

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The Rathi Group has formalised a partnership with the Indian Tyre Technical Advisory Committee (ITTAC) through a Memorandum of Understanding aimed at advancing technical collaboration on recovered carbon black (rCB). The agreement focuses on the responsible integration of rCB into tyre manufacturing, with an emphasis on detailed evaluation and enhancement of its material properties. This initiative will be driven through structured engagement between industry and academia, supported by ITTAC’s technical expertise.

The collaboration is facilitated by the Automotive Tyre Manufacturers’ Association (ATMA) and ITTAC, which have brought together leading technical experts, tyre manufacturers and research institutions on a unified platform. Their coordinated efforts are fostering a science-based approach to accelerate the assessment and adoption of circular materials within the tyre sector. This partnership is seen as a significant step in strengthening industry–academia linkages to advance sustainable practices.

Through this alliance, the Rathi Group aims to contribute to the evolving landscape of tyre-to-tyre circularity. The joint initiative underscores a shared commitment to developing innovative solutions that support environmental responsibility while maintaining technical performance standards in tyre applications.

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