It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Ironman Tires, a brand owned by Hercules Tire and Rubber Company, has officially launched the All Country AT-X, a new generation tyre designed to merge the capabilities of all-terrain and all-weather designs. This strategic expansion of its All Country line is positioned to deliver year-round performance for SUVs and light trucks, whether on paved roads or off-road adventures. The AT-X is now available at retail locations, effectively replacing the previous All Country A/T and AT2 models to strengthen the brand's standing in the competitive market.

Building upon the legacy of its predecessors, which collectively sold over 700,000 units annually, the All Country AT-X incorporates advanced design and compound technologies. A significant feature is its certification with the Three-Peak Mountain Snowflake symbol, guaranteeing reliable traction in severe snow conditions, a first for the brand in this category. The tyre’s development focused on key improvements, including superior snow traction, enhanced durability and more responsive on-road handling, all while upholding Ironman's core values of affordability and dependability.

The product lineup is comprehensive, with 27 of its planned 40 sizes available immediately and the remaining 13 scheduled for an early 2026 release. The AT-X offers two distinct tread patterns, both meeting the stringent winter performance standards without compromising on tread life or ruggedness. Key engineering enhancements include an optimised all-terrain tread for balanced on- and off-road performance, a next-generation all-weather compound and an aggressive sidewall design that boosts puncture resistance and provides a bold visual appeal. The tyre’s profile was strategically engineered through advanced modelling to promote stability and even wear.

Backing its robust construction is a substantial 50,000-mile (approximately 80,467 km) limited treadwear warranty, alongside a 60-month workmanship warranty and road hazard protection. The All Country AT-X is offered in T, Q, R and S speed ratings in a wide range of sizes to fit 15- to 20-inch rims, making it an accessible and versatile option for a broad spectrum of drivers seeking confident, all-season capability.

Keith Calcagno, Chief Strategy Officer, Proprietary Brands, American Tire Distributors, said, “The All Country AT-X represents a major step forward for Ironman’s product lineup. By combining all-weather versatility with all-terrain durability, the AT-X provides drivers the confidence to go anywhere, in any condition, all year long.”

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In a significant step for sustainable infrastructure, the Selwyn District in Canterbury is poised to conduct New Zealand's inaugural trial of a rubber road surface. According to Radio New Zealand, the trial is scheduled for early 2026 in Glentunnel on State Highway 77. This pioneering initiative represents a proactive move by the council to explore innovative solutions for its extensive roading network and reflects the council's commitment to investigating new technologies that can enhance performance and provide additional value.

Central to this venture is Treadlite NZ, the nation's sole supplier of recycled rubber granules specifically designed for pavement applications. The company's executive director, Brad Pearce, has confirmed their involvement, collaborating with a contractor to supply the material for the proposed trial. Pearce expressed his enthusiasm for the prospect of seeing recycled rubber improve the durability and functionality of roads across the country in the near future.

The rubber road project is just one of several innovations being pursued by Selwyn's infrastructure team. Other exploratory measures include the use of plastic grids in road rehabilitation to minimise excavation and an underground stormwater system, StormBrixx, which manages surface flooding in vulnerable areas. The council is also considering a novel contracting model where companies lease road lanes, creating a financial incentive to complete work quickly and efficiently. This drive for innovation occurs against a backdrop of managing one of the country's largest geographic road networks, which is facing pressures from high growth and increasing traffic loads.

While data indicates that Selwyn's roads are among the smoothest in New Zealand, the council acknowledges the ongoing challenge of maintaining surface conditions as its infrastructure ages. The upcoming trial in Glentunnel, facilitated by the specialized materials from Treadlite NZ, stands as a testament to the council's forward-thinking approach to extracting greater value and longevity from its critical assets.

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Maxion Wheels, the world’s leading wheel manufacturer, has officially confirmed its readiness to begin series production of forged aluminium truck wheels in January 2026. The announcement was made at the SOLUTRANS 2025 exhibition in Lyon, France. This production will be housed in a new, state-of-the-art 24,500-square-metre plant located in Manisa, Türkiye, which was developed as a joint venture with İnci Holding. The facility is now fully operational, featuring advanced machinery and an initial annual capacity of approximately 350,000 wheels, with a flexible design to accommodate future market growth.

The introduction of these wheels significantly expands Maxion's commercial vehicle portfolio, allowing the company to offer what it now considers the industry's most comprehensive product range. The new forged aluminium wheels will be available in high-demand sizes and finishes, engineered to meet the stringent requirements of OEMs and fleets across Europe and Türkiye for superior durability, performance and appearance.

Looking forward, the company is already developing a patented surface treatment designed to offer enhanced durability, improved corrosion resistance and easier maintenance. This innovative solution is currently undergoing laboratory and benchmarking tests, which have so far yielded highly promising results.

Mark Gerardts, CEO, Maxion Wheels, said, “Forged aluminium truck wheels represent a critical evolution in our strategy to deliver the most complete and innovative commercial vehicle wheel portfolio in the industry. Our steel wheels have set the benchmark – and our forged aluminium truck wheels will meet it with the same uncompromising quality and reliability.”

Mustafa Zaim, President of the Board of Maxion Inci and Maxion Jantas, said, “Our collaboration with Maxion Wheels combines global product expertise with local manufacturing excellence to deliver a new wheel line-up that redefines choice and quality for truck OEMs, fleet managers and drivers. This milestone is more than the start of production – it’s a commitment to innovation, safety and meeting the evolving needs of OEMs and fleets across Europe and beyond.”

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Apollo Tyres Ltd and the Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneshwar, are collaborating to incorporate a specialised ‘Tyre Technology’ module into the engineering curriculum. This initiative is unprecedented in India, representing the first time a tyre manufacturer and a technical institution have joined forces to formally integrate the science of tyre design and manufacturing into academic studies.

Apollo Tyres will be instrumental in developing the course, ensuring the syllabus and materials reflect the most current industry practices and technological advancements. Prof (Dr) Achyuta Samanta, Founder KIIT, KISS and KIMS, highlighted that this focus on the critical automotive component of tyres will equip future engineers with the practical knowledge to solve complex technological challenges.

The alliance is poised to offer students exceptional exposure to specialised fields and create transformative educational experiences, bridging the gap between theoretical learning and industrial application.

R Mahalakshmi, Chief Human Resources Officer, Apollo Tyres Ltd, said, “This strategic collaboration marks a significant milestone for the Indian automotive sector. By bringing tyre technology into mainstream engineering education for the first time, we aim to equip young engineers with future-ready skills and real-world exposure. Through internships and on-ground training at our facilities, students will gain hands-on experience with cutting-edge tyre design, manufacturing and testing, strengthening the talent pipeline for India’s mobility future.”

Prof (Dr) Saranjit Singh, Vice Chancellor, KIIT-DU, said, “In the fast-growing demand for a market ready workforce, it is imperative that Industry and Academia work closely together to develop quality tech talent. Being one of the leading technology universities, we have a strong intellectual capital and talent base to partner with industry in bridging the talent gap and nurturing future-ready digital professionals. The introduction of co-branded specialisation, ‘Tyre Technology’, will definitely give our students a new scope for innovation and edge over others.”

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