It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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LD Carbon, a South Korean environmental materials company, has filed a criminal complaint against its former chief executive and two senior finance officials, accusing them of embezzling corporate funds and misusing government subsidies through falsified payments and internal approvals.

The filing, submitted to the Suseo Police Station in Seoul and accessed by Tyre Trends magazine, names former CEO Hwang yong-kyung (YK), Chief Financial Officer Lee Chung-jin and Finance Manager Han Seung-yeon (Sara) as suspects in an alleged scheme that spanned from 2022 to 2023. 

At the centre of the complaint is what the company describes as a ‘bonus recycling’ scheme designed to create off-the-books cash. Following the complaint, a probe has been initiated. 

After LD Carbon raised about KRW 18.5 billion (approximately USD 12.5 million) in Series A funding in 2022, Hwang allegedly instructed selected employees to accept inflated bonuses or salary payments and return portions of the money in cash. 

The approach, according to the filing, was framed as a way to manage tax exposure while enabling payments that could not be processed through formal corporate channels.

Internal documents cited in the complaint show unusually large bonus allocations in the tune of tens of millions of won per employee, which is far exceeding typical compensation levels. 

The payments were approved through standard company processes with sign-offs from the finance department including the CFO, the filing states.

The complaint includes call recordings and internal communications in which employees were allegedly directed to return funds as well as bank transaction records showing the movement of money through employee accounts.

Broker fee dispute tied to fundraising
The company alleges that part of the diverted funds was used to pay a broker commission linked to the 2022 fundraising round.

According to the filing, a third-party intermediary involved in introducing investors was promised a success fee of roughly 2.5 percent of total funds raised, equivalent to about 137.5 million won. 

While the individuals allegedly agreed to cover the fee personally, the complaint claims the payment was instead funded using company money routed through the bonus scheme.

Messages cited in the complaint suggest internal discussions about dividing the fee among executives, indicating awareness that the expense was not a legitimate corporate liability.

Government subsidies allegedly misused
Beyond corporate funds, the complaint accuses the executives of improperly using government subsidies provided for environmental export and development projects.

LD Carbon participated in programmes administered by state-affiliated agencies to support overseas expansion of eco-friendly businesses. Under South Korean law, such subsidies must be used strictly for designated purposes.

The filing alleges that funds were instead diverted to unrelated expenses, including payments to affiliated or controlled businesses, costs for unrelated products such as golf balls and consumer goods and marketing and vendor payments supported by fabricated invoices.

Supporting materials include internal approval documents, emails and supplier invoices, which the company claims were falsified to justify the expenditures.

Potential legal violations
The allegations, if substantiated, could constitute multiple criminal offences under South Korean law, including occupational embezzlement, criminal breach of trust and violation of the Subsidy Management Act.

Under applicable statutes, misuse of government subsidies can carry penalties of up to five years in prison or significant fines with additional exposure under broader financial crime provisions.

The complaint alleges that the three individuals acted in collusion, emphasising how their roles complemented one another within the organisation’s financial structure. It points to Hwang, in his capacity as CEO, as having overarching authority and control over the organisation’s funds, thereby setting the strategic and operational direction.

It further highlights Lee’s position as CFO, noting his responsibility for financial oversight, governance and ensuring the integrity of financial management processes. Within this framework, Lee is portrayed as a key figure in monitoring and validating the movement and use of funds.

Finally, the complaint identifies Han, the finance manager, as the individual responsible for executing transactions. In this role, Han is described as operationalising financial decisions, thereby completing the chain of actions that, according to the complaint, demonstrates coordinated conduct among all three parties.

Internal disruptions 
Separate company records reviewed indicate that multiple employees resigned during and after the period in question. While there is no confirmed causal link between these departures and the alleged misconduct, the timing has drawn attention. 

Some employees named in the complaint appear to have been involved in processing or receiving the disputed payments, suggesting that certain staff members may have acted as intermediaries, knowingly or otherwise, within the alleged scheme.

At present, the matter remains at the complaint stage and it is unclear whether authorities have formally initiated a criminal investigation or undertaken actions such as issuing summons or conducting searches. 

Also. Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute (KEITI) conducted audit on LD Carbon on 24 April 2026, which will soon to be followed with further investigation and preliminary disposition if wrong use of govt fund is confirmed.

The case underscores growing regulatory and public scrutiny over how companies manage government-backed funding alongside private investment in South Korea’s innovation-driven economy. 

In recent years, regulators have intensified oversight, particularly in sectors linked to sustainability and advanced manufacturing. The outcome of the case may ultimately hinge on how authorities interpret the intent behind the transactions and whether internal approval mechanisms are found to have concealed or facilitated the alleged misuse of funds.

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Michelin reported lower first-quarter revenue after adverse currency movements offset stable underlying sales, while the tyre maker maintained its 2026 guidance amid growing geopolitical and supply chain uncertainty.

Group revenue for the three months to 31March fell 5.4 percent year on year to €6.2bn, compared with €6.5bn a year earlier. Michelin said the decline was entirely due to currency effects, primarily the appreciation of the euro against the US dollar and several other currencies. At constant exchange rates, revenue was stable.

Tire volumes declined 1.4 percent during the quarter, although replacement sales improved, supported by a 3 percent increase in MICHELIN-brand tire volumes. A favourable product mix, particularly in larger premium tires, partly offset weaker original equipment demand.

The Consumer segment recorded revenue of €3.4bn, down 4.4 percent on a reported basis. Michelin said replacement sales of passenger car and light truck tires remained resilient, while original equipment sales continued to be affected by weaker automotive markets, particularly in China. Sales of 18-inch and larger tires represented 69 percent of MICHELIN-brand sales during the quarter.

Revenue in the Transportation segment fell 11.3 percent to €1.4bn, reflecting weaker original equipment demand in North and South America and adverse exchange rates. Replacement sales increased in Europe but remained subdued in North America amid a softer road freight market.

The Specialties segment reported revenue of €1.1bn, down 3.3 percent. Michelin said mining and aircraft tire sales increased during the quarter, while beyond-road activities stabilised despite continued weakness in agricultural original equipment markets.

Polymer Composite Solutions revenue rose 5.1 percent to €326m, supported by the integration of Cooley Group and growth in sealing and coated fabric activities. Michelin said the segment would continue expanding through the integration of Flexitallic in April and the expected consolidation of TexTech later in 2026.

The company said uncertainty linked to the Middle East conflict continued to create risks around global demand, raw material supply and energy costs. Michelin nevertheless maintained its financial outlook for 2026, citing operational resilience, localised production and supply chain integration.

During the quarter, Michelin also completed the acquisitions of Cooley Group and Flexitallic as part of efforts to accelerate the growth of its Polymer Composite Solutions business.

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Hankook Tire, the exclusive tyre supplier for the FIA World Rally Championship, has concluded the fifth round of the 2026 season, Rally Islas Canarias, which took place from 23 to 26 April in Spain’s Canary Islands. For the demanding asphalt stages, Hankook provided its specialised Ventus Z215 and Ventus Z210 tarmac rally tyres, engineered to handle extreme conditions.

The event, first held in 1977, marked its 50th anniversary this year and its second edition as an official WRC round. Competitors tackled 18 special stages across Gran Canaria Island, centred around Las Palmas, covering approximately 322.61 kilometres. The course featured rough, high-abrasion volcanic asphalt with dramatic elevation changes, while dense fog and local rain above 1,000 metres made weather a decisive factor. The opening day’s Super Special Stage at the BP Ultimate Circuito Islas Canarias offered side-by-side racing, where small pace differences quickly altered positions.

Hankook’s tyres provided reliable grip and control at high speeds and through continuous cornering, helping drivers maintain stability on the technical routes. Sébastien Ogier of TOYOTA GAZOO Racing secured his first win of the season, leading a team podium sweep. In the Drivers’ Championship, Elfyn Evans leads with 101 points, followed closely by Takamoto Katsuta on 99.

The 2026 WRC season now moves to Round 6, Vodafone Rally de Portugal, from 7 to 10 May in northern Portugal, a demanding event mostly on unpaved surfaces. Hankook will operate a ‘Brand World’ booth in the service park there, using motorsport content and hands-on experiences to promote its premium image. As exclusive WRC tyre supplier since 2025, Hankook continues integrating data from over 70 global championships into R&D, advancing high-performance tyre technology and the Ventus brand’s global leadership.

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wdk, the German Rubber Industry Association, and the ADK, the German Rubber Industry Employers’ Association, hosted their annual Rubber Industry Day in Berlin on 28 April 2026. The event saw wdk President Michael Klein issue an urgent call for industrial policy measures, warning that pressure on Germany’s manufacturing base remains relentless. He argued that the country can no longer afford strategic delays, insisting that declarations of intent must be replaced by immediate action to reduce bureaucracy and energy costs for businesses.

Citing fresh member survey data, Klein reported that sales, revenue and production levels in Germany’s rubber industry are predominantly declining compared to the previous year. He described this downturn as a clear warning signal, noting that companies have exhausted their potential at domestic sites. Without political support, he added, only foreign markets remain viable alternatives, while Germany continues to lose industrial substance.

The wdk president stressed that the federal government’s failure to implement countermeasures risks permanent damage to the nation’s industrial base. He expressed bafflement that political decision-makers have long known what needs to be done yet have failed to act for an extended period. Klein concluded that proactive intervention is now essential, as the erosion of Germany as a production location must finally be stopped to preserve the manufacturing sector as the backbone of the economy and a guarantor of prosperity.

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