It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Mitas, Official Agriculture Tyre Sponsor of the National Tractor Pullers Association (NTPA) and Title Sponsor of the Mitas National Finals Pull-Off, will occupy the spotlight at the Champaign County Fairgrounds in Urbana, Ohio, on 19 September, when the 2026 Grand National titles are decided.

Serving as the closing Grand National fixture of the season, the 39th Mitas All-Star Pull-Off also wraps up the brand's first year as the association's official agricultural tyre partner. That arrangement forms part of a three-season commitment spanning 2026 to 2028, drawing the company nearer to a North American motorsport discipline where immense engine output, grip and staying power face relentless scrutiny with every pass.

Two tyres will illustrate the breadth of the company's agricultural know-how at the venue. The PowerPull 01 30.5L-32 exists purely for pulling competition, arriving as a smooth tyre devoid of any moulded tread so crews can carve bespoke patterns suited to the track and their own machine setup; its tailored compound and tough build supply the grip, endurance and repeatability the sport requires. The VF 750/60R46 CFO 189D HC1000, by contrast, serves high-capacity self-propelled sprayers and comparable field duties, using Very High Flexion engineering to bear heavy loads at lower pressures while a broad contact patch spreads weight and keeps traction. Its tread delivers grip, longevity and self-cleaning ability for dependable service in punishing conditions.

When the 2026 NTPA season reaches its finale in Urbana, the sport's leading pullers and their followers will gather for a fitting celebration. Mitas will be present throughout, tying together the track and the field by demonstrating how the traction, durability and reliability demanded in competition echo the very traits underpinning its agricultural tyre lineup.

Andrea Masella, Marketing Director, Yokohama TWS, said, "Tractor pulling puts enormous demands on every part of the machine, including the tyres, making it a great environment to demonstrate what traction, durability and reliability mean when performance is pushed to the limit. We are proud to support NTPA as its Official Agriculture Tyre Sponsor and to bring our expertise to the Mitas All-Star Pull-Off. This partnership allows us to connect with the pulling community while highlighting the performance focus behind our agricultural tire portfolio. Pull like a Bull — on the track and in the field."

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Michelin has introduced an automated regrooving system called NAZCA, aiming to modernise a retreading practice that has served truck, bus and coach tyre maintenance for more than a century. The manual method demands specialised expertise and now confronts ergonomic strain and a shortage of skilled workers. Developed by Michelin engineers, NAZCA automates the process while following manufacturers’ recommendations, targeting consistent quality and repeatability. The system employs a high-density laser scanner and advanced algorithms to exploit every millimetre of usable rubber.

Because each tyre possesses a unique geometry, NAZCA adjusts cut depth in real time across the tyre’s full width and circumference. After more than a year of real-world testing, the machine can raise the number of regrooving jobs a workshop completes. Michelin estimates a capacity increase of 30 percent to 50 percent, depending on operating conditions. Each regrooving operation requires under three minutes of technician hands-on time, allowing staff to handle alignment, repairs and tyre mounting or removal.

This supports greater workshop profitability and flexibility. NAZCA accommodates a wide range of tyre brands and sizes, provided the casing is robust enough for the lifespan-extending procedure. About 20 NAZCA machines are in pilot testing across Europe. Michelin plans further rollouts in various countries in 2027, subject to applicable regulations, with a gradual commercial launch tailored to each market. The system will appear at the Michelin stand during IAA Transportation in Hannover from 14 to 20 September 2026.

NAZCA forms part of Michelin’s multi-life model, pairing regrooving and retreading so a tyre can last up to 2.5 times longer than a single-life product. Regrooving enables use to the legal wear limit, adding up to 25 percent more mileage and up to 5 percent fuel savings. Retreading completes the approach: initial REMIX retreading can double mileage for roughly 60 percent of a new tyre’s cost, while REMIX 2 premium retreading, available for 90 percent of Michelin truck lines, delivers 95 percent of new-tyre performance for about 60 percent of the cost, cutting cost per kilometre by 33 percent. Each retreading also saves about 50 kg of raw materials per tyre.

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Dr Suttipong Angthong, Secretary-General of the Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC), delivered a keynote address at the Sustainability in Tires 2026 conference in Bangkok on 3–4 September 2026, presenting the organisation's positions on eco-friendly supply chains, market dynamics and ethical production methods vital to the global tyre sector.

His participation highlighted ANRPC's leadership as the principal representative of rubber-producing nations, working to guarantee that smallholder farmers and member countries help shape global sustainability criteria while building strategic alliances with tyre makers and processing firms.

Through such international engagement, ANRPC promotes environmentally responsible cultivation, equitable commerce and traceable supply networks, connecting the natural rubber industry to worldwide ESG frameworks and safeguarding a durable, sustainable future for every stakeholder.

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Pirelli’s Hard tyre played a decisive role as Kimi Antonelli won the inaugural Formula 1 race at the Madring, mastering a one-stop strategy to take victory in the Spanish Grand Prix. The Mercedes driver finished ahead of Max Verstappen and Lando Norris, extending his World Championship lead in the process.

All three podium finishers made their sole pit stop during a Virtual Safety Car period between laps 14 and 15. Antonelli and Norris swapped Pirelli Mediums for Hards, while Verstappen replaced his starting Softs with Hards. The one-stop approach proved dominant across the grid, with only George Russell, Carlos Sainz, Oliver Bearman, Fernando Alonso and Valtteri Bottas stopping twice.

Track temperatures peaked at 52°C and air temperature reached 32°C, mirroring conditions from earlier in the weekend. Russell, Antonelli’s closest title rival and team-mate, came home fifth. Antonelli now leads the standings on 292 points, with Russell second on 211. The Azerbaijan Grand Prix follows on Saturday 26 September.

In supporting action, Dino Beganovic won Sunday’s Formula 2 Feature Race ahead of Alex Dunne and Ritomo Miyata, all three running Softs before Hards and pitting on lap 18. Ugo Ugochukwu secured the Formula 3 World Championship by finishing second in Madrid, as Freddie Slater’s eighth place allowed the title swing. Tuukka Taponen won the finale, with Pedro Clerot third.

Dario Marrafuschi, Pirelli Motorsport Director, said, “The teams approached today's race differently from what had been simulated on track on Friday. Thanks also to the opportunity provided by the Virtual Safety Car, they favoured a more measured management of pace and degradation, which allowed them to significantly extend stint lengths and made the one-stop strategy the preferred choice for the majority of the field. The star of the Grand Prix was the Hard tyre, a compound that had been little explored during free practice and which today demonstrated a very high level of consistency, proving to be the most robust of the three compounds from both a thermal and mechanical perspective. With the C2, we saw several stints exceeding 45 laps, reaching very high levels of wear without any significant performance drop-off. Both the Medium and the Soft also proved to be effective options despite the track temperatures. The C4, in particular, completed competitive stints comparable to those of the Medium in terms of durability.

“As expected, graining appeared mainly on the front-left tyre, on the inner area of the tread, but with limited intensity. The work carried out by the teams on car setup and tyre management helped to minimise its effects. In a race characterised by few overtaking opportunities, the drivers were able to focus on tyre management, contributing to a very straightforward contest from a strategic perspective. Congratulations to Ugo Ugochukwu for securing the Formula 3 championship title today at the end of a highly competitive season. The series continues to represent an important proving ground for young talents from all over the world. The fact that the title was decided only at the final round highlights the exceptionally high level of competitiveness within the championship, which this year delivered spectacular racing and outstanding sporting value.”

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