It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Pirelli has reported a dominant all-Ducati podium in Race 1 of the Dutch Round at Assen, the third fixture of the FIM Superbike World Championship. Nicolò Bulega extended his perfect start to the season with a seventh consecutive victory after a close contest with team-mate Iker Lecuona, who settled for second. Sam Lowes finished third, completing the manufacturer’s sweep. All three riders selected SC1 soft compound tyres for the front axle and SC0 soft rubber at the rear.

The weekend also highlighted the speed of Pirelli’s softest tyre options despite relatively cool conditions. During qualifying, Bulega established a new Assen lap record using the SCX supersoft rear, clocking 1 minute 32.144 seconds. That time shaved nearly half a second off the previous benchmark of 1’32.596, set by Lowes the prior year with the SCQ extrasoft compound. The other two Ducati riders on the front row, Lowes and Lecuona, also eclipsed the old record.

Elsewhere at the Dutch circuit, Jaume Masia won WorldSSP Race 1 on a Ducati, followed by Albert Arenas on a Yamaha and Tom Booth-Amos on a Triumph. Most of the Supersport field, including the top two, ran the SCX supersoft rear, while the third-place rider and nine others used the soft SC0; the SC1 was the universal front choice. In World Sportbike action, local rider Jeffrey Buis triumphed on a Suzuki, and the WorldWCR race went to Spain’s Maria Herrera on a Yamaha for her second win of the season. Both support classes employed DIABLO Superbike tyres with SC1 compound front and rear. Over the first two days, track temperatures varied from 16 degrees Celsius during early Superbike practice to 24 degrees for Supersport Race 1.

Giorgio Barbier, Pirelli Motorcycle Racing Director, said, “Despite the low temperatures, typical of Assen at this time of year, soft tyres were used in both WorldSBK and WorldSSP. The development work Pirelli has carried out over the years has enabled us to improve versatility and widen the operating temperature window of our tyres. As a result, the soft compounds were used with track temperatures slightly over 20 °C, delivering excellent performance. The new SCX supersoft tyre range, already used last year as development specification E0126, allowed Bulega in qualifying to improve the 2025 lap record by almost half a second, which was set with an even softer compound, the SCQ extrasoft. The SC0, on the other hand, starred in Race1: given the rather low temperatures, the riders preferred an already well-established solution to the development alternative F0298.

“In WorldSSP, both rear options – SCX and SC0 – proved equally competitive, as confirmed by the choices made by the riders on the podium.

“At the front, in both classes, the choice was unanimous: SC1, which ensures good grip and stability. For tomorrow’s Superpole Race, in dry conditions, we expect the SCX supersoft to be used at the rear, as it is more competitive over the 10-lap distance thanks to the extra grip compared to the SC0.”

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TyreSafe, UK’s charity dedicated to raising tyre safety awareness, has launched a new seasonal campaign warning British drivers that spring rainfall poses a hidden danger often overlooked after the harsh winter months. The initiative, named ‘Drip Drip Drop – ‘Little’ April Showers’, focuses on the rising threat of aquaplaning as more vehicles return to roads that remain treacherously slick from sudden downpours.

National data shows that poor tyre maintenance is a leading cause of fatal incidents, with three quarters of car tyre defects linked to neglect. Research further reveals that at 70 miles per hour (approximately 112 kmph), worn tyres add 27 metres to the standard wet stopping distance, an increase of nearly 30 percent compared to the Highway Code baseline.

Incorrect tyre pressure compounds the problem significantly. Underinflated tyres struggle to channel water away, overheat more quickly and extend braking distances, while overinflated tyres reduce the tyre’s contact patch and compromise grip. Spring’s fluctuating morning and evening temperatures make pressure changes especially common during April.

Even tyres above the legal minimum tread depth can fail in heavy rain. Continental Tyres’ research found that at 50 miles per hour, tyres with 1.6 mm of tread required 6.9 metres longer to stop than new tyres with 8 mm tread, whereas those with 3 mm added 2.7 metres. Light rain after dry spells mixes with oil and debris, creating conditions where worn or incorrectly inflated tyres lose all steering and braking control.

With bank holidays, leisure travel and outdoor activities increasing during longer daylight hours, TyreSafe urges motorists not to assume the worst weather has passed. April showers arrive without warning, and the combination of winter road grime and sudden rainfall can turn a routine journey into a dangerous aquaplaning event within seconds. TyreSafe urges road users to embrace the simple ACT protocol: regular checks of air pressure, condition and tread depth.

Stuart Lovatt, Chair of TyreSafe, said, “April showers might sound harmless, but when they hit busy roads and combine with worn or incorrectly inflated tyres, the consequences can be devastating. Aquaplaning can happen in seconds and without warning. The research is clear – poor tyre maintenance dramatically increases stopping distances in wet conditions. That’s why we’re urging road users to ACT: check your Air pressure, inspect the Condition and monitor your Tread. A few minutes of checks could prevent a lifetime of consequences.”

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Mitas has officially entered a three-year agreement with the National Tractor Pullers Association (NTPA), marking a significant commitment to one of North America’s most extreme motorsports. The partnership, set to run from 2026 through 2028, designates Mitas as the Official Agriculture Tire sponsor of the championship and Title Sponsor of the Mitas National Finals Pull-Off.

Tractor pulling represents a severe test of both raw power and engineering precision. Competitors pilot highly modified machines to drag a heavy sled down a dirt track, with resistance increasing incrementally until only the strongest and best-prepared vehicles remain. Success depends entirely on transferring massive horsepower to the ground under extreme conditions, where tire grip and consistency frequently determine the winner. The NTPA season includes over 60 events across United States, running from spring through early fall, with deep roots in the Midwest. As an official partner, Mitas will gain prominent visibility on and off the track while actively supporting the growth of the sport.

Central to this collaboration is the Mitas PowerPull tyre, a product specifically engineered for tractor pulling to convert raw engine output into winning performance. Designed to manage extreme torque and deliver maximum grip, the PowerPull functions as a slick tyre that permits teams to cut custom tread patterns based on track conditions and individual race strategy, providing a measurable competitive advantage.

The season will conclude with the Mitas National Finals Pull-Off, the championship’s premier event where the year’s top competitors vie for national titles. Scheduled for 18 and 19 September 2026, in Urbana, Ohio, the finals serve as the ultimate showcase of performance, innovation and passion. As title sponsor, Mitas deepens its connection to the pulling community by attaching its name to this marquee competition.

Roberta D’Agnano, Global Marketing Director Mitas at Yokohama TWS, said, “The collaboration with NTPA connects Mitas to two worlds where performance truly matters: tough daily work in the field and the most extreme competitive environments. Tractor pulling is the ultimate expression of what farmers face every day – delivering power to the ground, staying consistent under pressure and performing when limits are pushed.

“Performance isn’t just about winning on the track – it’s about delivering results when it counts most, whether in competition or on the farm. In tractor pulling, every component is tested to the extreme, just as it is in real agricultural operations. That’s why we feel a strong connection with this community. The NTPA community embodies passion, resilience and a nonstop drive to push boundaries; values that are core to the Mitas brand. We’re excited to be part of this world, learning from these extreme conditions and turning that knowledge into tyres that perform where it matters most for farmers and pullers alike.”

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Maxxis has officially unveiled the next generation of its widely used MaxxTerra rubber compound, engineered to deliver marked improvements in both durability and traction for performance mountain bike tyres. Responding to rider concerns about rising costs and the desire for longer-lasting equipment, the brand has focused on extending tyre lifespan without compromising the rolling efficiency that its products are known for.

Following extensive laboratory development, Maxxis engineers have achieved a reported 30 percent gain in tread wear and durability compared to the original MaxxTerra, alongside a 15 percent increase in traction. Crucially, these enhancements come without any sacrifice in rolling resistance, ensuring consistent performance from the first ride through many subsequent outings, thereby reducing the frequency of tyre changes and maximising trail time.

The updated compound is being introduced across the full range of Maxxis trail tyres in phases, with the first phase available immediately. The new generation is identifiable by packaging marked with a New MaxxTerra graphic, while the tyre’s tech badge now simply reads MaxxTerra, replacing the previous designation of 3C MaxxTerra.

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