It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Continental has expanded its fifth-generation Conti Eco range for freight transport with the Conti Eco HT 5, a trailer tyre that joins the Conti Eco HS 5 steer and Conti Eco HD 5 drive products. The trio forms a coordinated package aimed at cutting operating costs, sustaining high mileage and lowering rolling resistance to support better fuel economy. Although trailer axles are not driven, their tyres still shape how efficiently a rig moves. By targeting that axle, Continental extends the Generation 5 advantages across the full vehicle combination for regional and long-haul duty. Less resistance at the trailer can translate into reduced fuel burn and, in turn, lower operational CO₂ output.

Because a trailer rolls on several tyres that never leave the road, those tyres directly affect stability, efficiency and day-to-day performance. In some configurations, they generate as much as half of a truck-trailer combination's total rolling resistance. Continental engineered the Conti Eco HT 5 to reconcile low rolling resistance with long tread life, encouraging uniform wear and dependable traction in a broad range of conditions. Optimised materials, a fresh sidewall design and advanced filler compounds underpin the tyre's fuel-saving characteristics.

Mileage and durability come from a new tread compound paired with a refined curing method, while a redesigned five-rib tread layout supports even wear, steady handling and consistent behaviour across shifting weather and road surfaces on both regional and long-distance routes. Tested against the Conti Hybrid HT3+, the Conti Eco HT 5 posted rolling resistance reductions of as much as 12 percent under specified conditions, offering fleets a path to lower fuel use, diminished CO₂ emissions and reduced tyre-related costs.

The Generation 5 Conti Eco portfolio sits within Continental's broader strategy of helping customers boost transport efficiency through technological innovation and tuned tyre performance. Uniting low rolling resistance, high mileage and long service life at every axle position, the range addresses industry pressures such as climbing fuel prices and stricter efficiency and emissions expectations. The Conti Eco HT 5 reaches the market in September 2026 in two sizes, 385/65 R 22.5 and 385/55 R 22.5.

Hinnerk Kaiser, responsible for the development of truck and bus tyres in the EMEA region at Continental, said, “Every tyre contributes to the efficiency and operating costs of a truck and trailer combination. While attention often focuses on the steer and drive axles, trailer tyres also play an important role in rolling resistance and fuel consumption. With the Conti Eco HT 5, we are extending the benefits of our fifth-generation Conti Eco portfolio to the trailer axle and helping fleets improve the efficiency of their transport operations. For the Conti Eco HT 5, our focus was on improving efficiency while maintaining durability. The combination of low rolling resistance, long service life and balanced wear characteristics can help fleets reduce tyre-related operating costs while maintaining reliable performance in demanding transport operations.”

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Titan International, Inc. has reached a definitive agreement to divest its Italtractor ITM undercarriage business (ITM) to USCO S.p.A., marking a significant strategic shift for the global off-highway wheel, tyre and undercarriage manufacturer. The deal positions Titan to concentrate on its core operations while securing substantial cash value from the sale.

Under the agreement, Titan will receive an initial purchase price of USD 207 million, with the potential for an additional USD 6 million in earnout proceeds contingent on ITM meeting specified performance targets for 2026. Customary adjustments tied to ITM’s net asset and financial position at closing are expected to add approximately USD 23 million in cash value. Combined with USD 49 million in dividends from ITM – USD 38 million already received in recent years and USD 11 million anticipated before closing – Titan projects total cash value of up to approximately USD 285 million, inclusive of the earnout.

The transaction allows Titan to sharpen its focus on its global wheel and tire operations serving agricultural, construction and consumer markets. According to Chairman Maurice M Taylor, Jr, the potential sale of ITM was first discussed with the board over a decade ago when an offer below USD 100 million was presented. He credited President and CEO Paul Reitz and his team for their patience in completing a deal that he described as fair for Titan and beneficial for USCO, which gains a strong manufacturing business with a good brand and skilled workforce. Taylor also praised Cecilia La Manna for nearly 30 years of service and leadership, noting that USCO is acquiring a strong management team along with the business and plants.

Reitz characterised the transaction as an important step in Titan’s transformation, delivering strong value while providing ITM with an owner that understands the undercarriage sector. He said the deal enables Titan to direct people, capital and resources towards core wheel and tyre operations, pursue accretive growth opportunities and reduce debt. The move supports portfolio reshaping, accelerated strategic investments, transformative acquisitions and partnership, and long-term shareholder value.

As part of USCO, ITM will build on its position as a global provider of undercarriage components and complete solutions, with added focus and resources for long-term growth, customer service, product innovation and geographic expansion. ITM designs, manufactures and distributes undercarriage systems for construction, mining, forestry, road-building and agricultural applications through an international network and is a pioneer in undercarriage sensor technology, including its TRUST ITM monitoring solution.

Titan intends to use a portion of the proceeds to reduce existing debt and strengthen its balance sheet, with future capital deployment towards key growth investments, including accretive acquisitions and strategic partnerships. The transaction is expected to close in early January 2027, subject to customary closing conditions and required regulatory approvals, with both companies continuing ordinary operations until then. Gianni & Origoni and Poggi & Associati advised Titan and ITM on legal and tax matters, while USCO received assistance from Eidos Partners, Simmons+Simmons, BDO and KPMG.

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NEXEN TIRE has unveiled the N’FERA Sport 2, an ultra-high-performance summer tyre succeeding the widely acclaimed N’FERA Sport. The original earned strong results in independent tests by leading DACH-region automotive publications, including ADAC and AUTO BILD, and secured multiple original equipment fitments. The new model adopts an updated tread pattern and revised construction to deliver sharper handling, shorter braking distances and dependable performance in both wet and dry conditions.

Structural rigidity has been raised by 15 percent over the predecessor, reducing tyre deformation and supporting stable behaviour during dynamic driving. NEXEN TIRE also incorporated Chamfer Technology, whose specially shaped block edges enlarge the contact area under braking and cornering. Meanwhile, the outer tread blocks are 5 percent wider, transferring vehicle power to the road more efficiently and improving cornering stability. A rim protector 7 percent wider than before adds protection against curb contact.

The tread design distributes pressure more evenly across the footprint, enlarging road contact and balancing handling, traction and braking while limiting heat buildup. Increased sidewall rigidity further cuts deformation and sharpens steering response, especially in high-speed corners. Collectively, these measures yield a 10 percent gain in cornering stiffness relative to the previous N’FERA Sport. Multi-width grooves and chamfered block edges widen the drainage area, helping evacuate water, lower aquaplaning risk and preserve wet-road grip.

Testing at Spain’s IDIADA Proving Ground demonstrated measurable gains over the outgoing tyre. NEXEN TIRE’s own results show an 11 percent shorter wet braking distance and a 2 percent shorter dry braking distance. Wet and dry handling improved by 7 percent, while cornering stiffness rose by 10 percent. The N’FERA Sport 2 is engineered to provide confident control across a broad range of road conditions.

Jeff Roh, Vice President of Europe Sales & Marketing, said, “Following the success of the N’FERA Sport, we expect the new N’FERA Sport 2 to deliver even stronger results. NEXEN TIRE has demonstrated proven quality and performance over the years, and with the improved capabilities of the new pattern, we aim to further enhance driving performance while helping drivers enjoy the thrill of driving with greater confidence and safety.”

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Dunlop concluded the 2026 FIM Endurance World Championship by celebrating its Superstock Trophy and Production Trophy title winners at the 89th Bol d’Or. The French endurance classic, held under largely clear skies at Circuit Paul Ricard, brought the season to a dramatic close with 43 teams relying on Dunlop’s KR racing slicks across every category. Throughout the year, Dunlop supplied its KR108 and KR109 slick options to all entrants, alongside a latest-generation medium front tyre known during development as G2_01 VAL3.

In the Dunlop-exclusive Superstock Trophy, the No. 77 Wójcik Racing Team claimed a maiden crown. Jordi Torres Fernandez, Milan Pawelec, Mateusz Molik and Hector Vicent Garzo finished sixth overall, lifting the Polish squad above the No. 38 Champion-Hert Powered by MRP entry, which ended 11th in class. The No. 36 3ART Best Of Bike Hamaguchi team took second in the standings, while reigning champions No. 44 Honda No Limits completed the top three after finishing third in the race. The No. 18 Team Pompiers Igol CMS Motostore also placed inside the overall top ten, meaning four Superstock crews finished among the leading ten after 24 hours.

The Production Trophy crowned its second-ever champion as 13 bikes formed the category’s largest grid of the season. The No. 96 Legacy Competition team sealed its first title by finishing second in class at the Bol d’Or. The No. 199 ARTEC squad, the 2025 champion, ended the year as runner-up, with the No. 16 HTC Racing team completing the championship podium.

Dunlop-backed privateer teams also impressed in the open-tyre Formula EWC class. The No. 6 ERC Endurance team, with Loris Baz, Marcel Schrötter, Kenny Foray and Jan-Ole Jähning, qualified fourth with a 1:51.524 lap, just six tenths off pole, and finished sixth in the final standings on 62 points despite retiring from the race. The No. 14 MACO RACING TEAM recovered from 21st on the grid to finish 8th and end the season 10th, while the No. 53 Mana-au Competition team climbed from 28th to 11th and secured 8th in the final class standings.

David Auerbacher, International Motorcycle Race Event Leader, Dunlop Motorcycle Europe, said, “Congratulations to the 2026 Superstock Trophy and Production Trophy champions, as well as the Dunlop-backed teams in the Formula EWC class that achieved amazing results. We’re proud and happy to have once again supported teams across all categories throughout the year. The Bol d’Or is always a demanding way to close the EWC season and this year was no exception. Across 24 hours, all teams and riders were pushed to their limits, making consistency just as important as outright performance. Seeing our partners fight at the front of the Superstock and Production Trophy fields, while also challenging in Formula EWC, is a great way to end the season. The results across the 2026 season demonstrate how our KR108, KR109 and latest-generation medium front specification meet the demands of our riders.”

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