It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Epsilon Carbon Pvt. Ltd., a global manufacturer of carbon black and speciality carbon products, has published its sixth Sustainability Report for FY 2025–26, titled ‘Anchored in Carbon. Embedded in Circularity’. The document outlines the company’s advancements in emissions reduction, energy efficiency, workplace safety, inclusion and community development while detailing its strategy for a more responsible and resilient carbon value chain.

The company’s sustainability efforts are deeply integrated into its manufacturing operations and its support for customers in the tyre, rubber, manufacturing and industrial sectors. Epsilon Carbon aims to supply dependable carbon materials while enhancing resource efficiency and lowering the environmental footprint of production. In FY 2025–26, it recorded a 98 percent drop in Scope 2 emissions intensity against its FY 2022–23 baseline, alongside a 6 percent reduction in energy consumption intensity driven by operational improvements.

A 17 MW captive power plant using waste hot gases from production remained central to decarbonisation, achieving 77 percent waste heat recovery utilisation and remaining on target. This helped avoid over 89,000 tonnes of CO₂ emissions by reducing coal-based power reliance. The company also cut Scope 3 emissions intensity by 8.13 percent compared with FY 2024–25, supporting more sustainable manufacturing across its value chain. Its Vijayanagar plant holds an annual capacity of 215,000 tonnes of carbon black and 500,000 tonnes of speciality carbon.

The report further highlights workplace safety and inclusion, with zero fatalities, 10 percent women representation on the Board and 9.41 percent of the overall workforce. CSR programmes positively impacted approximately 140,000 lives, fostering community development near its operations. Epsilon Carbon’s sixth Sustainability Report gives stakeholders a clear view of its ESG performance and reinforces its focus on responsible growth, operational excellence and its expanding role in the global carbon materials industry.

Vikram Handa, Managing Director, Epsilon Carbon, said, “Sustainability is central to how we are building Epsilon Carbon for the future. Our progress in reducing emissions intensity, increasing the use of waste heat recovery and improving energy efficiency shows what is possible when sustainability is built into everyday operations. Our customers in tyres, rubber and other manufacturing sectors are also working towards more responsible and efficient value chains. We are committed to supporting them through dependable products, strong manufacturing capabilities and continued innovation. Alongside our environmental priorities, we remain focused on safety, inclusion and creating a positive impact in the communities where we operate.”

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Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp (Toyo Tires) celebrated a milestone achievement in short-course off-road racing as driver Ryan Beat captured the 2026 Championship Off-Road Pro-2 title. The decisive rounds unfolded at Glen Helen Raceway in San Bernardino, California, where Beat piloted his #51 Bilstein / Toyo Tires / Rockstar Energy / Chevrolet truck to the first Pro-2 crown of his racing career.

Beat arrived at the season finale holding a 17-point advantage but faced punishing Southern California heat and a determined group of rivals. A mid-race restart intensified the competition, yet Beat powered through the field and crossed the finish line first on Saturday night, sealing the championship.

His truck ran on standard 35x12.50R17 Open Country C/T tyres throughout the campaign. Beat concluded the year at the top of the Pro-2 standings with 722 points. The result marked the sixth occasion he has placed among the top three in the class, having previously earned four runner-up finishes and one third-place result.

The championship extends Team Toyo’s strong presence in short-course competition, complementing Pro-4 titles claimed by CJ Greaves across 2023 through 2025 and Kyle LeDuc between 2012 and 2020. Toyo-backed drivers have also found success in desert racing, with six SCORE Baja 1000 victories, six Baja 500 wins, five Baja 400 triumphs and four San Felipe 250 titles.

Beat said, “The championship came down to the final race and to not only win the title, but to do it by winning the final race was a dream come true. Surrounded by my family, friends and partners, this one is going to be hard to top.”

Adrian Puente, Events, Motorsports and Technical Manager, Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp, said, “Congratulations to Ryan and his motorsports team on securing the first Pro-2 championship of his career! A hard-fought season ending in triumph is a great result for Team Toyo and showcases the versatility and performance of our tyres on and off the track.”

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The DUNLOP ALL SEASON 2 tyre has earned a ‘very good’ rating in the 2026 all-season tyre test conducted by the Automobilclub von Deutschland (AvD). Evaluated against 11 rival all-season tyres spanning premium, mid-range and budget brands, it performed strongly across every category, including wet and dry driving performance. The tyre stood out particularly for its snow performance, efficiency, wear and other environmental considerations. As the lightest tyre in the AvD test, it also achieved the best result for rolling resistance, which directly influences fuel efficiency.

Its overall performance places it among the very best all-weather tyres tested by the AvD this year. With a score of 4.37 stars out of 5, it secured a ‘very good’ rating alongside four other tyres, all of which were more expensive at the time of testing. The AvD examined 12 different 225/50 R17 tyres, one of Europe’s most popular tyre sizes, to assess safety-related handling characteristics across a broad range of driving conditions. All tyres were fitted to a BMW 3-Series and purchased via the open market to ensure independence, with testing carried out between the AvD and TEMPOTIRE, an independent testing organisation.

A strong rating in the annual AvD all-weather tyre test is an important marker of trust in Germany and many other European markets. The test is notably thorough, with tyres rated on a five-star system for braking, traction and handling performance in all conditions, subjective handling performance, aquaplaning in the wet and noise levels and rolling comfort in the dry. It also covers environmental factors such as tyre weight, wear, fuel efficiency, emissions levels and rolling resistance.

The DUNLOP ALL SEASON 2 is engineered to deliver confident driving throughout the year and suits owners of cars and SUVs who prefer not to change their vehicles’ tyres with the seasons. It is available in 74 sizes, ranging from 14 to 20 inches in diameter. Its advanced compound and distinctive V-shaped tread design with three-dimensional interlocking sipes improve braking stability on wet and dry surfaces while creating numerous ‘biting’ edges that can aid traction and grip in snow. A reinforced structure enhances tyre stability, contributing to confident handling on wet and dry roads. Crucially, every variant adheres to Europe’s official Three-Peak Mountain Snowflake (3PMSF) legal standards, meeting the official legal requirements for use throughout winter in European countries and regions where winter tyres are legally mandated, such as Germany and Sweden.

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Goodyear is all geared up for the European Le Mans Series season finale, the 4 Hours of Portimão, supplying its Racing Eagle tyres across LMP2, LMP2 Pro/Am and LMGT3. The Autódromo Internacional do Algarve hosts the decisive round, with its dramatic elevation shifts and technical layout through the Algarve hills expected to produce moderate tyre wear over four hours.

In LMGT3, the Medium specification could enable single-stint strategies, letting competitors maximise pace throughout. For LMP2 and LMP2 Pro/Am, the same Medium compound is built to deliver the consistency needed for double-stint running.

With championships undecided in all three categories, tyre strategy will prove pivotal. LMGT3 leaders Iron Lynx hold just three points over TF Sport, while United Autosports lead Forestier Racing by Panis by 13 in LMP2. The LMP2 Pro/Am top four sit within six points, AF Corse setting the pace.

Portimão also closes the second season of Goodyear Racing's newest Eagle Medium LMP2 specification, now well understood after extensive European Le Mans Series use and two Le Mans outings. It marks the final LMGT3 run for the current Eagle before a more sustainable generation arrives in 2027. Goodyear Racing Eagle tyres additionally feature this weekend at Charlotte in NASCAR and Brands Hatch's British Touring Car Championship finale.

Stephen Bickley, Goodyear Endurance Program Manager, said, “Portimão is a fitting place to bring the European Le Mans Series season to a close. The undulating circuit combines dramatic elevation changes with high-speed corners and more twisty, technical sections, so we expect moderate levels of tyre wear and degradation. It looks like a hot and sunny race awaits us on Sunday, but should wet weather arrive, teams do have Goodyear Racing Eagle wet tyres available.

“It is significant that the LMGT3 field will use our current Goodyear Racing Eagle slick specification for the final time in the series this weekend. Next season, we will introduce a new generation of tyres with 66 percent sustainable-material content, continuing our focus on performance at the highest level of endurance racing.”

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