It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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A new strategic partnership between Bridgestone and Kirkby Tyres is set to transform the availability and delivery of agricultural tyres throughout the UK. Kirkby Tyres, a celebrated wholesaler with over six decades in the industry, will now stock the entire Bridgestone and Firestone agricultural portfolio. This includes the acclaimed VT-TRACTOR, known for its soil-protective high flexion construction, the durable VX-TRACTOR, the newer VH-IND and VX-R TRACTOR models and the full Firestone line. The VX-R TRACTOR, for instance, is recognised for its stable performance across varying ground conditions and operator comfort.

The alliance prioritises the needs of end-users, including farmers, dealers and contractors, leveraging Kirkby Tyres’ formidable logistics and customer-centric philosophy. Operating from a substantial central facility in Liverpool, which features extensive covered warehousing, the company guarantees nationwide next-day delivery without mandating a minimum order. This capability ensures faster access and consistent year-round supply for customers.

Kirkby Tyres brings a distinguished reputation to this collaboration, having recently been named the UK's top tyre wholesaler by the National Tyre Distributors Association. Their proven expertise and reliable distribution network are central to this enhanced route to market, aiming to deliver products precisely where and when they are required.

David Almazan, Head of UK Region & Commercial Business Unit Director at Bridgestone, said, “This partnership is about putting farmers, our dealer network and contractors first. By working closely with Kirkby Tyres, we can ensure a more efficient access to our Bridgestone Agriculture products, backed by genuine expertise. Kirkby Tyres understands the realities of modern agriculture, and together we are perfectly positioned to support customers with premium tyre products that deliver performance, durability and confidence.”

Michael Rosenthal, Commercial Director, Kirkby Tyres, said, “Partnering with Bridgestone allows us to offer customers access to a historic premium brand and a complete agricultural tyre portfolio. By combining Bridgestone’s high-performance Agriculture tyres with our distribution expertise, we can help farmers reduce downtime and keep machines working when it matters most.”

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Ozzy Tyres has launched a new MONSTA all-terrain tyre, engineered to align with the actual driving patterns of modern Australians. As the nation's utility vehicle market expands, with models like the Ford Ranger dominating sales, a clear trend has emerged: most 4x4 owners primarily use their vehicles on sealed roads for daily commuting and family transport, venturing off-road only occasionally. Founder and Director Hussein Chahine identified this shift, noting a significant market gap for a tyre that delivers the rugged, aggressive aesthetic and off-road assurance drivers desire, but without the traditional compromises.

Conventional all-terrain tyres, optimised for extreme off-road conditions with large tread blocks, often generate excessive road noise, vibration and a harsh, stiff ride on pavement. Ozzy Tyres addressed this by rethinking the design from the ground up. After six months of dedicated research and development, the new MONSTA tyre features a pattern with narrower gaps and smooth, curved tread lines. This design maintains crucial off-road traction and durability while ensuring a quiet and stable on-road performance. Furthermore, engineered sidewalls provide greater compliance than typical all-terrain tyres, enhancing ride comfort and reducing strain on vehicle suspension.

This product underscores MONSTA’s unique position as the only Australian-owned tyre brand in the market, a status that enables a direct, customer-led approach to manufacturing. The company’s vertically integrated model allows it to respond swiftly to local driving trends and feedback, rather than relying on imported products designed for different conditions. Manufacturing has now commenced, beginning with 10 sizes and plans for more as demand grows. The brand’s organic international expansion into markets like Japan and New Zealand continues, but the new MONSTA tyre is distinctly born from an understanding of Australian habits.

Ultimately, the tyre is built for the reality of Australian lifestyles. It provides the confident, aggressive look and sidewall strength that 4x4 drivers want, coupled with the daily comfort of a smooth and quiet ride. Chahine emphasises that by designing and developing their own products, Ozzy Tyres maintains full control over quality and performance, ensuring the tyre resonates with drivers who no longer need to sacrifice on-road comfort for off-road capability.

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Yokohama Tire Corporation, a subsidiary of The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., has become a supporting sponsor for the new American Off-Road Racing Championship (AORC), which launches in 2026 as North America’s top desert racing series. The company will also equip competitors with its GEOLANDAR brand tyres for SUVs and pickup trucks.

The championship is a collaboration between Unlimited Off-Road Racing and the Best in the Desert Racing Association, consolidating several premier events, including the historic Best in the Desert series and the Mint 400. This five-race points championship will traverse demanding US desert courses, commencing with the Parker 400 in Arizona. As a sponsor, Yokohama Tire Corporation will deliver marketing and motorsport support throughout the series.

The provided tyres will include racing specifications derived from the GEOLANDAR M/T G003 mud-terrain model and overseas-market GEOLANDAR SD off-road racing tyres. Building on the proven track record of GEOLANDAR tyres in events now forming the AORC, TEAM YOKOHAMA is focused on securing series championships.

AORC Schedule

14–18 January: Parker 400 (Arizona)
4–8 March: Mint 400 (Nevada)
22–26 April: Silver State 300 (Nevada)
23–26 July: Vegas to Reno Legends Rally (Nevada) *Not included in AORC series points
13–16 August: Vegas To Reno (Nevada)
15–19 October: Laughlin Desert Classic (Nevada)

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Emerging as a direct answer to the mining industry's most persistent durability challenge, Triangle Tyre has comprehensively launched its groundbreaking giant OTR tyre bonding protection solution: EnsureX Efficient Technology. This innovation is specifically engineered for the world's most punishing environments, such as the Deo Nai coal mine in Vietnam's Quang Ninh province. There, extreme heat, prolonged humidity and rugged lignite terrain traditionally cause severe tyre ageing and delamination, leading to high failure rates and operational risk.

The core of EnsureX is a material science breakthrough that solves the critical problem of adhesion failure between rubber polymers and steel cords under heavy load and complex conditions. It centres on an ultra-high-performance cobalt-free bonding system paired with a gradient adhesion-layer distribution. This combination delivers transformative performance through three key pillars: exceptional fatigue resistance to handle constant deformation, enhanced ageing resistance that boosts adhesion strength by over 40 percent and long-lasting corrosion protection suited for harsh climates.

Already proven in rigorous field testing, the technology has been applied to 49-inch and 57-inch tyre series with remarkable results. It acts as a resilient mechanical anchor within the tyre's structure, deeply securing each steel cord to create a far more integrated and robust assembly. This engineering advancement reduces delamination failures by more than 95 percent and extends overall tyre service life by over 15 percent, directly addressing the costly cycle of premature scrapping.

The successful deployment of EnsureX Efficient Technology marks a significant leap forward in OTR tyre capability. By providing a stronger, more durable and stable solution, it not only elevates safety and efficiency for mining operations but also solidifies a new standard of performance through independent innovation in high-end tyre manufacturing.

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