It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Triangle Tyre has earned a distinguished position in the recently unveiled ‘2025 China Brand Evaluation Information’, a highly regarded assessment administered by the China Council for Brand Development. This annual evaluation, widely recognised as a benchmark for brand value in China due to its rigorous and scientific methodology, awarded Triangle Tyre a notable brand valuation of CNY 6.61 billion (approximately USD 928.50 million) and a strength index of 917 within the energy and chemical sector.

The announcement, which took place in May, highlights the collective strength of 779 leading Chinese brands with a combined value exceeding CNY 12.78 trillion (approximately USD 1.80 trillion). The event was organised by a coalition of authoritative bodies, including the China Council for Brand Development and the China Appraisal Society, and drew over 600 attendees from government agencies, regulatory institutions and industry associations.

This accolade serves as a strong testament to Triangle Tyre's comprehensive capabilities, reflecting its sustained excellence in areas such as technological innovation, stringent quality management and significant market influence. The evaluation itself is a key national initiative designed to establish a credible and transparent brand valuation system, promote positive brand development and support the global expansion of Chinese enterprises.

For Triangle Tyre, this recognition is both an authoritative endorsement of its brand power and a reflection of its leading competitiveness within the domestic tyre industry. Looking ahead, the company plans to intensify its focus on innovation and quality enhancement. This strategy is central to its mission of delivering superior products and services to a global customer base and accelerating its growth as an internationally recognised brand.

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The Hankook-equipped 2025 FIA World Rally Championship season continued with its 11th round, Rally Chile Bio Bío, which concluded on 14th September. The four-day event, based in the coastal city of Concepción, presented a formidable challenge for crews and tyres alike. Competitors tackled 16 special stages totalling over 300 kilometres of competitive running on gravel roads in the southern hemisphere spring weather with a volatile mix of conditions.

Throughout these variable conditions, Hankook Tire, the exclusive tyre supplier to the championship, provided its Dynapro R213 gravel tyre to all teams. The Chilean stages, while generally smooth, feature a relentless series of high-speed corners that demand exceptional durability, grip and precise steering response. The reinforced construction and advanced tread design of the Hankook tyre provided the necessary stability and impact absorption across diverse surfaces, allowing drivers to maintain their rhythm and control despite the constantly changing grip levels.

The event was won by Sébastien Ogier of the Toyota GAZOO Racing team, marking his second consecutive victory following his success in Paraguay. This result propelled him into the lead of the drivers' championship standings, now holding a two-point advantage over his teammate Elfyn Evans.

The championship now prepares for a significant shift in terrain as it heads to Europe for Round 12, the Central European Rally, scheduled for mid-October. This unique event will be based in Passau, Germany, and will run on narrow asphalt roads that cross international borders into the Czech Republic and Austria. The transition from gravel to tarmac will place a fresh strategic emphasis on tyre selection and performance. With only three rounds remaining in the season, the outcome is critical to the championship battle.

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New research commissioned by eBay and conducted by OnePoll has exposed a significant knowledge gap among UK drivers regarding EU Tyre Labels. The study, which surveyed 2,000 motorists in accordance with Market Research Society guidelines, found that nearly half of all respondents were entirely unfamiliar with this critical safety information. Despite being introduced in 2012, two-thirds of drivers remain unaware of the labels' purpose.

The data shows that nearly half (47 percent) of the respondents possess no understanding of the safety information on the labels whatsoever, with a full two-thirds (66 percent) unaware of their purpose a full decade after their introduction. This ignorance translates directly into consumer behaviour, as 61 percent of motorists admit to not checking the labels before purchasing new tyres. Consequently, they miss out on essential data regarding a tyre's fuel efficiency, wet grip classification, external noise level and its performance in snowy and icy conditions.

The research further quantified this knowledge gap, demonstrating that drivers incorrectly identified the symbols on the labels two-thirds (67 percent) of the time. The icon denoting performance on ice was the most frequently misunderstood, being misinterpreted in a remarkable 92 percent of responses. This lack of independent research means three-quarters (74 percent) of UK motorists primarily rely on garage recommendations when choosing tyres. Over half of all consumers – 55 percent – do very little (30 percent) or no research at all (25 percent), a trend most prevalent among drivers over 65.

This deficiency in tyre knowledge is not merely academic; it has serious real-world consequences. The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) reported that over two million MOT test failures in the 2023-24 period were directly attributed to illegal tyre defects. In response to these consumer challenges, eBay promotes its tyre fitment service, which allows buyers to research and order specific tyres for their vehicle online before selecting a local garage for installation, aiming to bridge this information gap.

Abir Tewari, UK Director of Commercial Operations, Parts & Accessories at eBay, said, "Despite existing in the UK for more than a decade, knowledge around EU tyre labels among UK motorists is still sparse. It is worrying that proper knowledge could make maintaining vital vehicle parts safer and cheaper. Using eBay’s tyre fitment service, customers can see EU tyre labels clearly indicated in listings before deciding on a purchase, helping to identify exactly what they need and safely preparing them for any season.”

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Apollo Tyres, one of the leading global tyre manufacturers, has secured a three-year strategic partnership with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), becoming the lead sponsor of the Indian Cricket Team.

The deal, estimated to be for around INR 5.97 billion, will grant Apollo Tyres title sponsorship rights for all home and away international matches, covering both men's and women's teams.

The agreement, effective immediately, will see the Apollo Tyres logo prominently displayed on the front of the official team jerseys. This partnership marks a significant milestone for the brand, connecting it with a sport that is immensely popular across India.

Neeraj Kanwar, Vice Chairman and Managing Director, Apollo Tyres, said “Cricket’s unmatched popularity in India and worldwide makes it an honour for us to become the ‘National Team Lead Sponsor’ of Team India. This partnership is about national pride, strengthening consumer trust and showcasing Apollo as a true leader in our category, while supporting Indian sports at the highest level and creating unforgettable moments for fans worldwide.”

Devajit Saikia, Honorary Secretary of the BCCI, said, "The arrival of Apollo Tyres as our new sponsor is a testament to the hard work and consistent performance of our teams. We are excited about this being Apollo's first major sponsorship in India cricket, which speaks volumes about the sport's unparalleled reach and influence. This is more than a commercial agreement; it's a partnership between two institutions that have earned the trust and respect of millions."

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