It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Pirelli has entered a three-year agreement with Netcompany INEOS, beginning in 2027, that will make the Milan-based manufacturer the Official Tyre Partner of one of professional cycling’s most prestigious teams. The partnership rests on a shared commitment to performance through innovation, technological progress and close attention to details capable of influencing final results.

Ahead of the collaboration, two Pirelli tyres underwent technical assessment. The PZERO RACE SL-R is a road tyre focused on aerodynamics and rolling efficiency, engineered to reduce aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance in fast racing and high-speed conditions. The PZERO RACE RS was developed to balance rolling efficiency, grip, protection and predictable cornering, giving riders confidence and stability across varied road surfaces, racing situations and weather.

The team’s bike, fitted with Pirelli tyres, is being displayed at the Pirelli stand during Rouleur Live in London from today until Saturday 14 November. The partnership will centre on developing and evaluating technical solutions suited to WorldTour cycling, where efficiency, reliability and performance must work together across conditions ranging from Grand Tours to the five Monuments.

Netcompany INEOS riders’ technical feedback will support product development and validation, with Pirelli technicians working alongside the team’s engineers and research and development management and integrating road data into outdoor testing protocols. The collaboration also reflects both organisations’ focus on marginal gains, with the tyre treated as a key part of the rider-and-bike system. Pirelli’s patented PAAS technologies are cited as helping address trade-offs such as rolling resistance versus grip. Pirelli tyres are due to race on the team’s Pinarello bikes at the Santos Tour Down Under from 16 January 2027.

Aldo Nicotera, Head of Moto & Cycling Business, Pirelli, said, “At the highest level of sport, success depends on a constant search for technological solutions that can deliver ever-greater performance. This is an approach we know well and one we are now bringing to our collaboration with Netcompany INEOS. We share the belief that optimising every detail can make a difference and contribute to outstanding results, together with an unwavering focus on innovation, quality and precision. We will have the opportunity to work alongside world-class technical staff and athletes, making the most of this exchange and gathering valuable insights to drive the ongoing development of increasingly advanced tyres that meet the needs of both professional riders and cycling enthusiasts.”

Geraint Thomas, Director of Racing, said, “Pirelli bring a huge amount of technical expertise and a real commitment to innovation, so it's exciting to have them working closely with our riders and performance team. It's not just about the equipment we race on, but how we can work together to keep developing. So, we're really looking forward to building that relationship and seeing what we can achieve together.”

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Plaza Tire Service, a prominent tyre and automotive service provider across the Midwest and a member of the Sun Auto Network, has expanded its footprint in central Missouri with a newly opened store in St. Robert. The location sits along the historic Route 66 corridor, offering local motorists a dependable option for tyres, preventive maintenance and vehicle repair.

The St. Robert facility stocks a broad selection of leading tyre brands and provides a comprehensive range of services, from oil changes and brake work to batteries, alignments, steering and suspension repair and other routine maintenance. Customers also benefit from the company's Price Match Guarantee and its signature 4 Tires in 1 Hour Guarantee, with same-day installation available on many purchases, allowing drivers to minimise downtime and get back on the road quickly.

Founded in Missouri in 1963, Plaza Tire Service has become one of the Midwest's largest tyre and automotive service providers, operating locations in Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Arkansas and Indiana. The company pairs its regional heritage with the resources and scale of the more than 600-location Sun Auto Network, reinforcing its presence in central Missouri through the new St. Robert store.

Rob Kingery, Regional Vice President, Sun Auto Tire & Service, said, "For more than 60 years, Plaza Tire Service has focused on making tyre and automotive care easy for our customers. We're proud to bring that commitment to St. Robert and support drivers with fast service, trusted expertise and a team dedicated to keeping vehicles road-ready."

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TyreSafe has entered an official partnership with BLT Driver Training, the driver training division of the Blue Lamp Trust. The UK charity, which works to raise awareness of tyre safety, said the collaboration reflects a joint commitment to road safety and to helping motorists make better-informed decisions. The tie-up connects BLT Driver Training's work with TyreSafe's broader mission and impact.

The new partner delivers professional driver education, training and assessments intended to raise driving standards and protect passengers, drivers and other road users. Its services span taxi and private hire training, fleet driver development, safeguarding and disability awareness courses and a Mature Drivers Confidence Builder Course. It works with licensing authorities, businesses, fleet operators and individual drivers; as a not-for-profit, it supports the Blue Lamp Trust's charitable work helping older and vulnerable people stay safe.

Collaboration will initially concentrate on three areas: taxi and private hire vehicles (PHVs), mature drivers and fleet safety. Drivers in the taxi and PHV sector cover high mileages on demanding schedules, and the partners will examine ways to embed TyreSafe's taxi-focused campaign materials into training and communications so that pressures, condition and tread depth receive greater attention. For mature motorists and their families, the organisations hope to develop accessible, practical resources that prompt regular tyre checks and informed choices supporting safe driving and independence. Fleet safety will be pursued through TyreSafe's November campaign, with both parties looking at how to share guidance on maintenance, inspection procedures and safety-conscious fleet management.

Bringing together BLT Driver Training's educational expertise and TyreSafe's specialist tyre knowledge, the partnership aims to put practical road safety advice within reach of more people and build safer habits across a range of road users. The two organisations believe the collaboration will help drivers and operators treat vehicle safety as a routine priority while supporting the Blue Lamp Trust's wider charitable mission.

Stuart Lovatt, Chairman, TyreSafe, said, “We warmly welcome BLT Driver Training as a TyreSafe partner. Improving road safety requires a joined-up approach, combining driver skills and awareness with the condition and maintenance of the vehicles they use every day. By working with an organisation that shares our commitment to practical education and safer journeys, we have a real opportunity to reach more drivers, support fleet operators and help people understand the simple checks that can make a difference. We’re particularly excited about exploring resources for mature drivers and their families, as well as working together to promote tyre safety among taxi and private hire drivers and across the wider fleet sector.”

Emma Burt, CEO, Blue Lamp Trust, said, “We’re delighted to be working with TyreSafe to help improve road safety and driving standards. At BLT Driver Training, we believe that effective education gives drivers the knowledge, skills and confidence to make safer decisions, and vehicle maintenance is an essential part of that picture. This partnership offers exciting opportunities to bring practical tyre safety advice into our training and communications, from supporting taxi and private hire drivers to helping mature motorists and their families have constructive conversations about vehicle safety and maintenance. We look forward to working with TyreSafe to develop useful resources and initiatives that help protect drivers, passengers and the wider community.”

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Hankook & Company Group showcased battery, thermal management and tyre technologies at the Automotive Aftermarket Products Expo (AAPEX), held 3–5 November. Its three core companies – Hankook & Company, Hanon Systems and Hankook Tire – exhibited together for the second consecutive year, introducing worldwide customers to the Group's mobility portfolio through a joint booth.

Located in the Underhood Section on Level 2 of The Venetian Expo, the booth featured a vehicle mock-up displaying batteries, thermal management systems and tyres from the three companies, illustrating each product's role and how the technologies complement one another. A large hanging LED display showed promotional videos, while dedicated product and technology displays and a shared lounge supported on-site consultations and business meetings aimed at exploring new partnerships.

Hankook & Company's Energy Solution (ES) Business Division showcased Hankook brand batteries, focusing on AGM batteries as a key line in its global strategy. Its lead-acid range includes AGM, EFB and MF products for passenger and commercial vehicles, with AGM batteries combining strong starting power and high charge acceptance for start-stop systems and hybrids. The display featured the Electrified AGM concept battery and a brand video, following the company's September appearance at Automechanika Frankfurt.

As electrified vehicles and software-defined vehicles reshape mobility, Hankook & Company is developing next-generation solutions including lithium-ion batteries. Hanon Systems, a worldwide supplier of HVAC systems, compressors, powertrain cooling systems, electronics and fluid products, presented aftermarket components such as mechanical and electric compressors, radiators, condensers, cooling modules, electronic water pumps and blower motors for combustion, hybrid and electric vehicles.

Hanon Systems also exhibited the production version of its Highly Integrated Cooling Entity (HICE) module for the first time, integrating an electric compressor, electronic expansion valves, water-cooled condenser, internal heat exchanger and chiller into one unit to reduce complexity, simplify assembly and optimise space. First applied in the BMW iX3, the module was named a finalist for the 2026 Automotive News PACE Awards, with winners announced November 17.

Hankook Tire exhibited the EV-specific iON evo SUV, also fitted to the mock-up, alongside the i-Flex intelligent airless concept tyre for future applications such as robotaxis and Concept S, an airless tyre embodying its vision for 100 percent sustainable materials by 2050. The iON evo SUV balances low noise, tread life, grip and low rolling resistance for EV loads, reinforcing the brand's premium EV positioning, while booth content explained both concepts' structures and features.

"At AAPEX, our three companies showcased the Group's technological and business strengths to customers worldwide for the second consecutive year. We will combine our companies' expertise to create new business opportunities and further strengthen the global presence of Hankook, our unified brand," said a spokesperson for Hankook & Company Group.

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