It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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wdk, the German Rubber Industry Association, and the ADK, the German Rubber Industry Employers’ Association, hosted their annual Rubber Industry Day in Berlin on 28 April 2026. The event saw wdk President Michael Klein issue an urgent call for industrial policy measures, warning that pressure on Germany’s manufacturing base remains relentless. He argued that the country can no longer afford strategic delays, insisting that declarations of intent must be replaced by immediate action to reduce bureaucracy and energy costs for businesses.

Citing fresh member survey data, Klein reported that sales, revenue and production levels in Germany’s rubber industry are predominantly declining compared to the previous year. He described this downturn as a clear warning signal, noting that companies have exhausted their potential at domestic sites. Without political support, he added, only foreign markets remain viable alternatives, while Germany continues to lose industrial substance.

The wdk president stressed that the federal government’s failure to implement countermeasures risks permanent damage to the nation’s industrial base. He expressed bafflement that political decision-makers have long known what needs to be done yet have failed to act for an extended period. Klein concluded that proactive intervention is now essential, as the erosion of Germany as a production location must finally be stopped to preserve the manufacturing sector as the backbone of the economy and a guarantor of prosperity.

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Bridgestone Americas has concluded the first phase of a joint research initiative with Penske Transportation Solutions, known as the Decarbonisation Lab, which focused on identifying commercially ready methods for reducing carbon emissions in real-world commercial fleet operations. The partnership confirmed that both companies intend to continue their collaboration with a second phase of testing in 2026, building on the operational data gathered during the initial stage.

Working alongside Dynamon, a specialist in advanced data analytics, the Lab’s first phase involved logging more than 500,000 fleet miles to assess three specific operational areas. The use of low-rolling-resistance retreads, continuous tyre pressure monitoring and Bridgestone casings on Penske vehicles produced a measurable gain of 6.35 percent in fuel economy. In a separate track, the partners tested renewable diesel in Tennessee, a state outside the usual Low Carbon Fuel Standard markets, to study long-term maintenance needs and efficiency results.

A third work stream saw Penske and Bridgestone engineering teams jointly redesign aspects of Bridgestone’s automotive tyre retail distribution network, with the goal of cutting roughly 152,000 miles from that logistics system. Scaling that approach across the entire dedicated fleet operated by the two companies would correspond to a four to six percent drop in CO₂ emissions, according to the project’s projections.

The overall findings from the Decarbonisation Lab reinforce the idea that meaningful near-term sustainability gains require a combination of proven technologies, rigorous data collection and close industry cooperation rather than isolated efforts. Representatives from both organisations are scheduled to present the first-phase results at ACT Expo 2026 in Las Vegas on the afternoon of 4 May.

Erik Seidel, head of sustainability for Bridgestone in the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa, said, “Our Bridgestone team is proud to have partnered with Penske for more than a decade, from IndyCar racing to deploying millions of retreaded tyres across the Penske fleet. The Decarbonisation Lab is a testament to how sustainable transformation can be accelerated when we work together.”

Bill Combs, Senior Vice President, Partnership & Sustainability Strategy, Penske, said, “We are honoured to collaborate with Bridgestone to bring the Decarbonisation Lab to the marketplace. Our companies have enjoyed a successful history of uncovering great solutions that benefit our customers and the industry.”

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Maxion Wheels will showcase a low‑carbon commercial vehicle steel wheel at IFAT Munich as part of the Daimler Truck–led reECONIC concept vehicle. The component demonstrates how circular material strategies and advanced engineering can significantly cut carbon footprints at the individual part level.

For the reECONIC project, Maxion Wheels developed a 22.5-inch x 9.00-inch steel wheel that achieves a CO2 footprint reduction of more than 50 percent compared with conventionally manufactured counterparts. The wheel weighs 32.5 kilogrammes and was produced using electric arc furnace steel with a high proportion of post‑consumer recycled scrap.

The wheel’s cradle‑to‑gate CO2 footprint fell from 132.7 kilogrammes to 61.4 kilogrammes per wheel through a combination of CO2‑reduced steel, optimised design and responsible material selection, all without compromising functionality, performance or safety. Given that steel wheels are safety‑critical and among the heaviest parts of a commercial vehicle, their mass and material composition make them a key lever for emissions reduction and overall vehicle efficiency.

Maxion applied its proprietary Lightweighting Process, which integrates performance, safety and production parameters into advanced structural design and simulation tools. This enabled a 2-kg weight saving compared with previous designs, lowering material demand and further reducing the carbon footprint. However, the majority of the emissions reduction came from material circularity, since raw materials account for roughly 75 to 85 percent of a steel wheel’s CO2 footprint.

Using high‑share post‑consumer recycled scrap via the electric arc furnace route lowers primary raw material demand, reduces iron ore mining and cuts energy‑intensive processing steps. The wheel was engineered at Maxion’s Global Engineering Center and plant in Königswinter, Germany, using industrially proven processes suitable for future scale‑up. Daimler Truck intends the reECONIC project as a pathway to series production, with real‑world testing starting in the second half of 2026.

The reECONIC vehicle will be unveiled at IFAT Munich from 4–7 May 2026, where it will be displayed and demonstrated as part of Daimler Truck’s circular‑economy initiative. The project confirms that circular design and recycled materials can be applied to high‑volume, heavily loaded parts, offering tangible CO2 savings within existing manufacturing frameworks.

Karl Rode, Director of Engineering at Maxion Wheels, said, “The reECONIC project allowed us to apply our engineering and material expertise to a clearly defined circular‑economy objective. By combining recycled‑material‑rich steel with targeted design optimisation, we were able to more than halve the CO2 footprint of a safety‑critical steel wheel using industrially feasible processes.”

Stan Mommers, Vice President Sales EMEA at Maxion Wheels, said, “Working with Daimler Truck on reECONIC shows how suppliers and OEMs can jointly translate circular‑economy principles into measurable results. Component‑level innovations like this steel wheel are essential for enabling lower‑carbon commercial vehicles in the future.”

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Linglong Tire unveiled a Sustainable Concept Tyre made from 85 percent sustainable materials during the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) gathering held from 27 to 30 April 2026 in Montreux, Switzerland. The WBCSD, a board-led organisation dedicated exclusively to business and sustainable development, shares a sustainability vision closely aligned with Linglong’s internal strategy. The Chinese tyre manufacturer has committed to significantly reducing CO2 emissions by 2030 and achieving climate neutrality by 2050, a full decade ahead of the Paris Agreement timetable for Chinese companies and matching the ambitions of both the WBCSD and the European Union.

Linglong is already cutting carbon emissions through efficient energy use, sustainable tyre development and intelligent supply chain management. The company targets a reduction of more than 50 percent by 2035, with climate neutrality no later than 2050. Five core elements drive this effort: new materials, advanced technologies, modern processes, smart machinery, and sustainable energy. A 35‑megawatt solar system is being installed at a new tyre factory under construction in Brazil as part of this transition.

By 2040, all Linglong tires are to be made entirely from sustainable materials. The concept tyre presented by Chief Executive Officer Lingkun ‘Andy’ Zhou relies on bio‑based feedstocks such as biotechnical itaconate rubber, rice husk ash and corn‑based silica to replace traditional petroleum‑based raw materials, reducing carbon emissions by up to 35 percent. Linglong became the first Chinese tyre manufacturer to join the Global Platform for Sustainable Natural Rubber (GPSNR) and supports FSC‑certified natural rubber projects to protect forests, support rubber farmers’ livelihoods and safeguard the rights of workers, indigenous peoples and local communities. In resource recycling, the company promotes liquid waste rubber and pyrolysis carbon black to close the loop on waste tyres.

Zhou emphasised that the dual‑carbon roadmap revolutionises the entire production process, not merely representing an environmental pledge. Linglong will do everything possible to meet its climate goals while providing consumers worldwide with environmentally friendly, sustainable and high‑quality mobility solutions, aiming to leave a clean and liveable planet for generations to come.

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