It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Shalva Akhvlediani, the Executive Director of Tegeta Green Planet, appeared on Radio Ucnobi on 15 April 2026, alongside Giorgi Guliashvili, Chairman of Wasteless. The broadcast focused on transforming waste into a resource, a key principle of the modern circular economy.

The discussion highlighted the necessity of properly managing automotive waste, especially end-of-life tyres, while addressing environmental and economic challenges in Georgia and worldwide. The guests argued that tyres should no longer be viewed as purely hazardous waste, as modern technologies and circular economy models can turn them into valuable materials for various industries.

A significant point of interest was rubber-modified asphalt. The speakers reviewed international practices and the potential for adopting this technology in Georgia, noting its proven durability, noise reduction benefits and ability to enhance road infrastructure while minimising environmental harm. The conversation also acknowledged local progress in sustainable road development.

As a follow-up, the guests referenced the GRAS 2026 conference, held in Tbilisi on 16 March 2026 and organised by Tegeta Green Planet and Wasteless. The event united local and international experts, private sector leaders and policymakers to discuss innovative technologies and circular economy applications. The conference served as a key platform for environmental awareness, demonstrating that the circular economy represents both an ecological duty and a basis for new economic opportunities and sustainable growth.

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DUNLOP’s natural rubber procurement subsidiary, SUMITOMO RUBBER SINGAPORE PTE. LTD., which operates as part of the supply chain partner Halcyon Agri Corporation Ltd., has been leading a major sustainability effort in Indonesia. Together with its Indonesian subsidiary PT Hok Tong, the Singapore-based producer and distributor launched the Traceability and Transparency Pilot Project, also known as the SNR Project, in South Sumatra in 2022. The initiative was designed to directly support smallholder natural rubber farmers in the region.

The project has successfully raised natural rubber productivity while simultaneously improving the earnings of local farmers. By enabling growers to achieve a stable income on existing farmland, the initiative has reduced pressure to expand agricultural areas. This outcome has contributed meaningfully to curbing deforestation that would otherwise result from farm expansion, demonstrating positive environmental and economic results for the DUNLOP Group’s sustainable procurement efforts.

Natural capital, including natural rubber, is recognised by the DUNLOP Group as an essential foundation for its sustainable business activities. Following the recommendations of the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures, the group has assessed its dependence on and impact upon natural capital, along with associated risks and opportunities. Continuing to use natural rubber as a sustainable resource has been identified as a major management objective for the future.

Most natural rubber production is carried out by smallholders rather than large plantations, and insufficient knowledge of cultivation and processing methods can lead to lower productivity and unstable incomes. These factors also risk driving farm expansion and deforestation, as well as creating social issues in production areas. To address these challenges, the DUNLOP Group undertakes support activities aimed at improving smallholder productivity and living standards.

In collaboration with Halcyon Agri, support focused on enhancing traceability, transparency and producer welfare in South Sumatra. Using RubberWay, a risk assessment tool for natural rubber, the project identified risks related to wage levels and agricultural practices. Over roughly three years from 2022 to 2025, including a pandemic-related suspension, more than 1,000 farmers received assistance through field investigations, raw material distribution mapping, productivity training, fertilisers and guidance on fertilisation. As a result, natural rubber yield increased by up to about 19 percent, and farmers’ earnings rose by approximately 25 percent in the target region.

Halcyon Agri commented: “At Halcyon Agri, we believe that the long-term resilience of the natural rubber industry is closely linked to the well-being of smallholder farmers. Through our subsidiary, PT Hok Tong, and in partnership with DUNLOP, we are advancing a CSR programme in Jambi Province to strengthen farmer capabilities through training, agricultural inputs and on-the-ground support. We are honoured to collaborate with DUNLOP, whose strong commitment and investment have been instrumental in enabling this initiative. Through this partnership, we aim to enhance productivity, improve livelihoods and promote sustainable practices across the supply chain. We believe this collaboration will contribute to the long-term sustainability of the natural rubber industry and create meaningful value for all stakeholders.”

Mulyono, a farmer who received support, said, “After the application of fertilisers, the leaves and bark of a rubber tree showed clear improvements in their conditions, and the health states of the entire tree improved. The leaves became even greener, and the bark became thinner, which made tapping easier. As a result, the rubber yield increased from approximately 100 kg to around 125–130 kg. Support from Halcyon Agri and DUNLOP has led to the improvement of our livelihood, and we expect a project like this to continue in the future.”

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Bridgestone is broadening its winter truck tyre offering with the introduction of the Duravis Winter Drive, a new premium product designed specifically for mild European winter conditions. The tyre aims to help commercial fleets lower operational downtime and total cost of ownership by delivering extended mileage, better fuel efficiency and dependable winter traction.

The newly launched Duravis Winter Drive achieves a 15 percent mileage improvement over its predecessor, the Bridgestone RW-DRIVE 001.1, alongside a three percent reduction in rolling resistance compared to the previous generation. These enhancements allow fleets to cut both fuel consumption and carbon emissions while maintaining reliable snow traction throughout the tyre’s entire lifecycle, thereby minimising the risk of weather-related vehicle downtime.

Key performance gains are enabled by a fresh pattern design, a tailored compound and the integration of Bridgestone’s ENLITEN Technology, a next-generation suite that delivers customised and uncompromised tyre performance while boosting sustainability. Additional engineering features include new sipes geometry for improved traction until end of life, a higher contact area, increased tread depth and variable groove angles to extend wear life and mileage. Interlocking centre ribs further reduce rolling resistance and enhance fuel efficiency.

To support sustainable fleet management, the Duravis Winter Drive is engineered for regroovability and multiple retreads, extending tyre lifespan, reducing waste and lowering operational costs. Its retreadable design also aids fleets in cutting environmental impact. The tyre comes with integrated RFID for digital readiness and is designed for year-round use. Availability begins in size 315/80 R22.5 from May 2026, with additional sizes rolling out in August 2026.

Waqqas Ahmad, VP Commercial, Bridgestone EMEA, said, “Now more than ever, European fleets need both predictable, reliable performance and solutions that can help reduce operational costs. That’s why we’ve engineered a tyre that consistently and efficiently performs from the very first kilometre to the last. The Duravis Winter Drive is built to keep vehicles running and help fleets stay on the move with confidence.”

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The European Commission has approved a €71.6m Hungarian state aid measure to support Hankook Tire & Technology Co. Ltd. in establishing a new tyre manufacturing line, in a project aimed at boosting employment and industrial capacity in central Hungary.

The aid, equivalent to HUF28bn, will support the construction of a truck and bus radial tyre facility in the Central Transdanubia region. The investment forms part of a broader €538m project to expand Hankook’s existing plant in Fejér County, which currently produces tyres for passenger cars and light trucks.

The measure will be provided as a direct grant and is expected to create 469 jobs, primarily in manufacturing.

The Commission assessed the scheme under EU state aid rules, notably Article 107(3)(a) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the Regional Aid Guidelines. It concluded that the measure is necessary and appropriate to support economic development, competitiveness and employment in a disadvantaged region.

The Commission also found that the aid has an incentive effect, noting that the company would not have undertaken the project within the European Economic Area without public support. It further determined that the measure is proportionate and limited to the minimum necessary, remaining within the aid intensity thresholds defined in Hungary’s regional aid map.

The Commission said the scheme would have a limited impact on competition and trade within the EU and therefore approved the measure under state aid rules.

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