It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Continental played a decisive role in the world record achieved by Volkswagen's Mission Efficiency concept vehicle, supplying a specially developed concept tyre. During the drive, the near-production electric vehicle consumed just 7.51 kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres including charging losses, or 6.89 kWh excluding them. The RID – Rekord-Institut für Deutschland certified the result on 24 August 2026, after a 1,278.36-km journey from Wolfsburg to Vienna under real-world conditions. The trip required only one charging stop and ended with 164 kilometres of remaining range.

The concept tyre achieves a rolling resistance of 4.9 kg per metric tonne, roughly 25 percent below the threshold for the EU tyre label's highest Class A rating. Because about one-fifth of an electric vehicle's propulsion energy is consumed by overcoming tyre rolling resistance, this reduction is a major factor in extending range. Tyres therefore directly influence energy consumption and the distance possible on a single battery charge.

(Photo: Volkswagen AG)

Rolling resistance arises because a tyre deforms each time it contacts the road during every revolution. That deformation draws energy otherwise used for propulsion, and around 20 percent of an electric vehicle's battery energy is spent merely to overcome this effect. Continental's concept tyre builds on the EcoContact 7, a production tyre already known for exceptionally low rolling resistance.

For the record drive, the tyre was modified to Volkswagen's specifications, producing a design that deforms even less as it rolls, cutting energy consumption further and increasing range per charge. Two elements proved especially important. The sidewall follows the same design principle used in the EcoContact 7, delivering stability without raising rolling resistance. Meanwhile, the tread compound was specially tailored to the tyre's other components, working alongside the carcass and tread pattern to minimise energy losses.

(Photo: Volkswagen AG)

An additional advantage came from a new manufacturing process. During production, the initially soft green tyre is hardened in a mould under heat and pressure through vulcanisation, but Continental did not heat it uniformly as in conventional production. Instead, different areas were exposed to different temperatures, with the tread cured differently from the sidewall. This allowed each zone's properties to be optimised more precisely, resulting in even lower rolling resistance for the tread.

Rolling noise also shaped the tyre's development, and its tread pattern was specifically designed to achieve particularly low noise levels. Engineers varied the spacing and angles of the tread blocks so that the noises they generate partially overlap and cancel each other out, following a principle similar to noise-cancelling headphones. For the Mission Efficiency vehicle, this means the tyre improves efficiency while also ensuring a notably quiet driving experience, an aspect of growing importance because tyre noise becomes far more noticeable without an internal combustion engine.

The ID. Polo production car on which the Mission Efficiency is based already comes fitted with Continental's EcoContact 7 as standard, but the record project took the two companies further. Continental developed the tyre in close collaboration with Volkswagen's vehicle and aerodynamics engineers from a very early stage. The collaboration extended into the vehicle's design, with the tyre's colour-accented sidewall incorporating styling elements from the concept.

During the record drive, the vehicle set three benchmarks: the world's most aerodynamic near-production vehicle with a drag coefficient of 0.158, the most efficient four-seat electric vehicle in its class in a single controlled drive and the most economical near-production four-seat electric vehicle on an officially documented long-distance real-world drive. Largely based on production components from the ID. Polo, including its battery and drivetrain, the Mission Efficiency demonstrates the efficiency gains possible through targeted improvements to existing electric-vehicle technologies.

Dr Christian Strübel, Continental’s expert in rolling resistance for passenger-car tyres, said, “The record shows that increasing the range of electric cars does not necessarily require larger batteries. Significant opportunities lie in the successful interaction of all vehicle components. Tyres make a crucial contribution. Together with Volkswagen, we’ve demonstrated what’s possible when vehicle, aerodynamics and tyre development are aligned from the very beginning.”

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Liberty Tire Recycling has announced that its employees, business partners and supporters raised USD 195,000 in 2026 for Blessings in a Backpack, a national nonprofit providing weekend food to school-aged children facing hunger. The announcement coincided with National Childhood Hunger Awareness Day and World Food Day, marking the third consecutive year of the company's partnership with the organisation.

Funds were generated through the Liberty Cares Charity Golf Tournament and contributions from partners. The collaboration originated from employee feedback, as workers expressed a desire to support a cause addressing both children's needs and hunger – two areas Blessings in a Backpack serves.

Thomas Womble, CEO, Liberty, and Charlie Alutto, Chair of the Board, at the 2026 Liberty Cares Charity Golf Tournament.

In late October, employees at five locations – Santa Fe Springs, California; Midlothian, Texas; Minerva, Ohio; Jackson, Georgia; and Portland, Oregon – will pack 6,500 weekend meal bags for local programmes. Additionally, staff companywide will create handwritten notes of encouragement for the bags. Liberty previously raised USD 87,805 in 2024 and USD 132,785 in 2025, bringing its three-year total to over USD 415,000.

Liberty employees in Oregon write notecards for Blessings In A Backpack.

Thomas Womble, CEO, Liberty Tire Recycling, said, “In three years, we have raised over USD 400,000 and packed more than 16,000 food packs for kids in need. This is only possible with the employees at Liberty giving their time and effort to this project, and customers and partners committing their time and resources. Thank you to everyone who made this possible – I am proud to be part of this team.”

Alexis Hartman, Manager of Corporate Partnerships, Midwest, Blessings in a Backpack, said, "Thanks to the generosity of Liberty, their leadership, customers and employees as well as the outings’ donors and sponsors, over USD 195,000 was raised this year to benefit the mission and work of Blessings in a Backpack. We couldn’t be more grateful to the entire Liberty community for the care, compassion and kindness provided year after year to support children in need of our services. Thank you from the bottom of our backpacks!”

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Hankook Tire marked a significant design milestone on 15 October at the Capitol Theatre in Singapore, where the company was honoured during the Red Dot Award 2026 ceremony for Design Concept. The tyre manufacturer celebrated two Best of the Best accolades, with design team members present to represent the winning projects.

The recognition stemmed from the competition’s Design Concept category, where Hankook secured two top honours and four Winner awards. The winning entries, announced in August, included the i-Flex Gen 2, an airless concept tyre, and Medi Buddy, a futuristic medical mobility design. The i-Flex Gen 2 represents an evolution of the company’s airless tire research since 2015, introducing an industry-first circumferential spoke structure that improves low-noise performance and driving stability while enhancing visual appeal for future electric and autonomous vehicles.

Medi Buddy emerged from an industry-academic partnership with Korea Design Membership Plus, a student talent programme managed by the Korea Institute of Design Promotion. Operating under the Mobile AI 2030 theme, the concept combines autonomous driving and artificial intelligence into an interactive smart IV system aimed at engaging hospitalised children, reducing their fear of hospitals and offering emotional comfort.

The award-winning concepts will be displayed in a special exhibition at the Red Dot Design Museum Singapore. The Red Dot Design Award ranks among the world’s three major design honours, alongside Germany’s iF Design Award and the US-based International Design Excellence Awards. Hankook previously became the first Korean company to earn the Red Dot Luminary honour in 2015, followed by the tyre industry’s first iF Gold Award in 2016 and an IDEA Bronze Award in 2017, completing a sweep of the top three global design awards.

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The German Rubber Industry Association (wdk) reported in Frankfurt am Main that used tyre disposal and recycling firms continue to face substantial shortages of used tyres, undermining a secure supply of secondary raw materials essential to a resilient and sustainable circular economy.

According to wdk Technical Director Stephan Rau, roughly 84,000 tonnes of used tyres were unaccounted for last year. These, and potentially far larger volumes, are suspected to have been exported outside the EU for incineration or pyrolysis under dire health and environmental conditions, removing them from German recyclers and the circular economy.

Although the loss rate has edged downward, the association argues that systematically recording waste tyres and their recycling pathways remains the most effective countermeasure. The wdk and allied organisations have urged this approach for years, describing it as easy to implement and capable of significantly strengthening the circular economy, provided political will emerges to support a functioning recycling system.

Rau also cited newly published statistics showing Germany generated 522,000 tonnes of waste tyres in 2025. Of that total, 210,000 tonnes became granules and rubber powder, now nearly triple the amount thermally recycled in the cement industry – a development the wdk called strongly positive, while noting that comprehensive quantity recording could enable substantially more tyres to be recycled.

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