It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Liberty Tire Recycling, North America’s largest tyre recycling company, has published its 2024 Sustainability Report, detailing continued advancements towards a circular economy. Over the course of the year, the firm collected more than 215 million end-of-life tyres and reclaimed over 4.7 billion pounds (approximately 2.13 billion kg) of rubber, which was transformed into recycled products for infrastructure, manufacturing and energy recovery.

The report highlights measurable environmental and safety gains alongside company growth and acquisitions. Liberty achieved a 1.5 percent year-over-year reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, an 81.1 percent end-market utilisation rate representing a 2.7 percent increase from 2023 and notable safety improvements including a 23.87 percent drop in the Total Recordable Incident Rate and a 29.25 percent reduction in the Preventable Vehicle Accident Rate.

Beyond operational metrics, Liberty donated more than USD 150,000 to charities and completed over 75 community projects. A key partnership with Blessings in a Backpack led to the packing of 5,250 meal kits for children, reinforcing the company’s broader commitment to social responsibility alongside its environmental and safety achievements.

Thomas Womble, CEO, Liberty Tire Recycling, said, “At Liberty, we don’t just recycle tyres – we partner with others to build a better future. Whether it’s a global manufacturer, a local retailer or a city government, our partners trust Liberty to help them meet their sustainability goals and do right by their communities. This report is a reflection of what responsible growth looks like – when innovation, impact and partnership work hand in hand.”

Amy Brackin, Senior Vice President – Sustainability, Liberty Tire Recycling, said, “Our work is grounded in action and accountability. As the only North American tyre recycling company to publish a sustainability report, we’re setting the standard for transparency in our industry. From emissions management to zero-waste goals, we’re proving that it’s possible to grow responsibly – moving more material up the value chain, investing in our people and rethinking how tyres can create value long after they leave the road.”

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Pirelli has confirmed that India will be the central theme of its 2027 calendar, marking a historic first for the publication. For the first time since the calendar’s inception, two distinct photographers have been commissioned to work on the project: Norwegian artist Sølve Sundsbø and celebrated Indian master Raghu Rai. Deep sorrow has followed Rai’s recent passing, felt profoundly by his family and those who collaborated with him. In the three months before his death, Rai had been fully dedicated to developing an original photographic series rooted in his heritage and personal vision of India.

Pirelli and the Rai family have pledged to complete Rai’s contribution to the calendar. Stepping into his role with honour is his daughter, Avani Rai, an internationally acclaimed photographer in her own right. She will work to faithfully realise her father’s artistic intentions for the series, ensuring his creative vision endures.

Alongside this effort, Pirelli has gladly invited Sundsbø back for a second consecutive year, following his work on the 2026 edition. His signature sensitivity and innovative aesthetic will combine with Avani Rai’s intimate knowledge of her father’s craft and her own personal experience of India, offering two compelling and complementary perspectives on the country.

Avani Rai said, “The work my father created for Pirelli was a tribute to India – bringing together his lifelong vision with a more contemporary expression of its people and diversity, something he was always deeply drawn to. I cannot bear the thought of it remaining unrealised. Bringing it to life feels deeply personal, as if I am stepping into his gaze and the way he saw India through his camera. Photography was his gift to me – not just as a craft, but as a way of seeing – and in that we found a quiet, profound connection. Carrying this forward feels like a way of staying close to him, of keeping a part of him alive within me.”

Sundsbø said, “It’s a great honour to be invited again to contribute to the Pirelli Calendar. I am very pleased to do so alongside Avani Rai and pay tribute to her father’s legacy. It’s a momentous opportunity to explore India. We will both do our utmost to celebrate the country and Rai’s memory with this collaboration.”

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Goodyear has introduced a new global campaign titled ‘Fast Is In Us’, dedicated to celebrating its renowned Eagle performance tyre family. The campaign debuted at the Kentucky Derby and follows last year’s STILL campaign, which underscored Goodyear’s iconic status. Fast Is In Us builds upon that foundation to elevate the Eagle legacy further.

Rather than focusing solely on traditional speed, the campaign highlights individuals deeply passionate about automobiles. It honours their appreciation for vehicle design, engineering and the tactile connection through the steering wheel. Fast Is In Us shifts attention from raw velocity to the emotional bond between driver and machine, celebrating those who feel performance rather than merely claim it.

The Eagle tyre family’s decades-long performance pedigree grounds the campaign, shaped in elite motorsport environments and high-performance automotive partnerships. After 45 years and millions of drivers, Eagle enters a new era believing fast is inherent to its design. This marks Goodyear’s first global campaign built around a performance tyre family, inviting drivers to embrace Eagle as a living philosophy rather than a one-off product.

The campaign will roll out globally across premium television, out-of-home, digital, social and cultural events. At the Kentucky Derby, the Goodyear Blimp carried the phrase Did someone say horsepower? Future integrations include the 24 Hours of Le Mans and other elite racing gatherings. Created with Publicis P1T Crew and led by BBH USA, Fast Is In Us aims to remind performance drivers why Eagle has always belonged with them.

Mark Stewart, Chief Executive Officer and President, Goodyear, said, "The performance car category is growing, and the drivers entering it want tyres worth bragging about. Eagle has more than four decades of credibility in performance and racing, and Fast Is In Us puts that legacy back to work – re‑establishing Eagle as the tyre knowledgeable drivers choose when performance truly matters. This campaign reflects how we're building Goodyear for the future: leading with premium products, authentic performance and brands that mean something."

J J Kraft, VP Global Creative, Goodyear, said, "Eagle isn't a product line – it's a piece of car culture. Fast Is In Us is a comprehensive platform built to put Eagle back at the centre of that enthusiasm. It expresses performance through feel and confidence behind the wheel, not just numbers on a page. It stands as one global campaign idea with the range to live across motorsport, retail and culture, and the ambition to lead the category, not chase it."

"For these drivers, Eagle is more than a tyre, it's a badge of devotion for drivers who respect the craft behind performance and demand confidence, responsiveness, and control every time they drive. Fast, in this world, isn't something you switch on. It's something you live," Kraft added.

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A comprehensive scientific review released under the umbrella of the Tire Industry Project (TIP) has concluded that despite significant advances in understanding tyre wear emissions, current data remains insufficient to quantify their direct impact on human health. The final paper in a three-part ‘State of Knowledge’ (SoK) series, supported by TIP as part of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, analysed over 850 peer-reviewed studies to assess global research on tyre and road wear particles. The authors found that inconsistencies in sampling approaches, detection techniques and analytical methodologies across studies prevent reliable comparison and robust risk assessment. As a result, while interest in the topic has grown, the evidence linking tyre emissions to specific health outcomes remains inconclusive.

According to the review, tyre wear particles constitute only a small fraction of total airborne particulate matter, typically less than five percent of PM2.5 and PM10 in urban environments. Toxicological data from both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that tyre and road wear particles are no more harmful than general ambient particulate matter, with effects that are similar to or less potent than those of other airborne particle types. Although chemicals used in tyre manufacturing have been detected in human body fluids, the authors stress that these substances are also widely used in other applications, making it impossible to clearly attribute exposure to tyres as the primary source.

The paper, independently authored by Kathrin Müller, Julie Panko, Kenny M Unice and Dr Stephan Wagner, identifies the lack of harmonised global methods for sampling, analysing and characterising tyre wear emissions as a major barrier to drawing firm conclusions. This call for greater methodological consistency aligns with the findings of the first two SoK papers published in 2025, which examined the characterisation, quantification and environmental impacts of tyre wear emissions. Without standardised approaches, meaningful comparison across studies and reliable exposure or risk assessment remain unattainable.

Looking forward, the authors recommend that future research prioritise the identification of potential exposure pathways and examine relevant health outcomes, including chronic effects, under realistic conditions. Such studies should cover urban and suburban populations across different global regions to ensure comprehensive and applicable findings. The SoK series, representing the most extensive review of global science on tyre wear emissions to date, underscores the need for coordinated international efforts to improve the identification, measurement, and attribution of these particles in both environmental and human health contexts.

Dr Wagner, one of the leading researchers of Paper 3, said, “Tyre wear emissions are a complex topic that we still only partly understand, especially in relation to human health. While research has advanced our understanding of TRWP, the current data simply isn’t robust enough to quantify any potential health risks specifically linked to tyre wear. Looking forward, cross-stakeholder collaboration is fundamental to making rapid progress. By aligning methods, sharing data and focusing on real-world studies, we can build a stronger, more consistent evidence base to inform future decisions.”

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