It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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TyreSafe has issued a fresh warning to UK motorists regarding the persistent dangers of part-worn tyres, drawing on the findings of recent multi-agency enforcement operations. The safety charity has underscored that despite ongoing efforts to regulate the sector, significant compliance failures continue to place drivers at risk. These concerns are based on collaborative inspections conducted over the past year with Trading Standards, police forces and local authorities, which have revealed systemic issues within the market.

Enforcement actions in Norfolk and Lancashire have exposed alarming deficiencies in the safety and legality of part-worn tyres on sale. In Norfolk, an inspection of nearly 200 tyres across several retail outlets found that over a third were in a dangerous condition, featuring exposed cords, structural damage and inadequate repairs. Remarkably, only a single tyre out of the entire batch satisfied all legal requirements, leading to the immediate removal of unsafe products and subsequent enforcement measures against non-compliant sellers.

Parallel operations in Lancashire painted an equally concerning picture, where none of the 30 part-worn tyres examined met the mandatory legal standards. Every tyre inspected failed to display the compulsory ‘PART-WORN’ marking, and many exhibited serious defects such as embedded objects, sidewall damage and substandard repairs. These discoveries have prompted ongoing engagement with businesses to encourage better practices, though the overall findings highlight a widespread disregard for established safety protocols.

In response to the enforcement outcomes, TyreSafe has noted that educational initiatives have yielded some positive changes among retailers. Certain businesses have enhanced their understanding of legal obligations, reduced their stock of part-worn tyres or transitioned to offering new budget alternatives. Nevertheless, the charity maintains that part-worn tyres remain a high-risk category, as compliance is not uniformly observed, leaving consumers vulnerable to products with undocumented histories and hidden structural weaknesses that are not always visible during a casual inspection.

The organisation has emphasised the critical distinction between tyres fitted to used vehicles and those sold as standalone part-worn products. While the former are acquired as part of a complete car purchase, the latter are individual items whose safety and legality depend entirely on the retailer’s diligence. TyreSafe has reiterated that these tyres must meet strict legal criteria, including a minimum tread depth of two millimetres, successful pressure testing and freedom from cuts or bulges, yet enforcement shows these rules are frequently ignored.

Motorists are being strongly urged to exercise caution and prioritise their safety by sourcing tyres from reputable suppliers and conducting regular checks on air pressure, condition and tread depth. TyreSafe has highlighted that opting for part-worn tyres on cost grounds can prove false economy, given their reduced lifespan and elevated risk of sudden failure. The charity continues to advocate for new tyres as the safest choice, stressing that the unknown history of part-worn products can have dire consequences in real-world driving conditions.

Stuart Lovatt, TyreSafe Chair, said, “Our recent education and enforcement activity revealed a deeply concerning picture of tyre safety on UK roads. Too often, part-worn tyres are being used as a dangerous short-term fix rather than a safe, compliant solution. We encountered vehicles fitted with severely aged tyres that should have been removed from service years ago, alongside single-tyre replacements fitted purely to secure an MOT pass. This creates highly unstable and potentially dangerous combinations, including mismatched summer and winter tyres on the same axle, which can seriously compromise braking and handling. Perhaps most alarming, none of the part-worn tyres we inspected carried the legally required ‘PART-WORN’ marking, highlighting a serious lack of compliance and leaving motorists unknowingly exposed to unsafe and unverified products.”

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The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. has announced that a Mitsubishi Triton pickup truck, fitted with its GEOLANDAR M/T G003 mud-terrain tyres, secured the overall championship at the 2026 Asia Cross Country Rally (AXCR). The event took place entirely within Thailand from 10 to 15 August. This victory marks the second consecutive overall win for a Mitsubishi Triton utilising Yokohama’s GEOLANDAR tyres, adding to previous titles in 2022, 2023 and 2025.

The triumphant vehicle was fielded by Team Mitsubishi Ralliart, with lead driver Katsuhiko Taguchi and co-driver Takahiro Yasui at the helm. After third-place finishes in the opening two legs, the pair surged to the front by clocking the fastest time in Leg 3. They maintained their advantage through Legs 4 and 5, the latter being the pivotal YOKOHAMA RUBBER SS5 stage. A careful, puncture-free drive in the final Leg 6 allowed them to finish 2 minutes and 25 seconds ahead of their nearest rivals, securing their first overall AXCR title.

Five of the first 10 finishers were equipped with GEOLANDAR tyres, including the third-place Isuzu D-Max from the ISUZU SUPHAN TRANE TITANIUM YOKOHAMA NEXZTER RALLY TEAM. The GEOLANDAR CTS Rally Team’s Suzuki JIMNY SIERRA, piloted by the Japanese female duo of Koto Haneda and Momo Tsukishima, achieved 19th place overall, second in the T1G class and victory in the ladies' division.

The GEOLANDAR M/T G003 tyre is engineered for superior off-road performance and durability. The AXCR, an FIA-sanctioned event since 1996, covered approximately 2,000 kilometres from Pattaya to Phitsanulok through mountains, jungles and plantations, further validating the capability of Yokohama’s tyre technology.

Hiroshi Masuoka, Director, Team Mitsubishi Ralliart, said, “Again this year, Team Mitsubishi Ralliart selected Yokohama Rubber’s GEOLANDAR M/T G003 tyres for our Tritons entered in the AXCR. This year, Chayapon’s vehicle was the only one that suffered a tyre puncture. A flat tyre can make it difficult for drivers to attack the course with confidence, which greatly affects the flow of the rally. Amid a very tough battle, I think the Taguchi/Yasui team’s ability to drive stably and complete the rally without a single puncture contributed greatly to their overall championship. The GEOLANDAR M/T G003’s highly stable performance supported that victory at this year’s AXCR.”

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Linglong Tire hosted legendary Brazilian full-back Roberto Carlos at its headquarters in Zhaoyuan from 14 to 16 August 2026. The Real Madrid official ambassador’s visit included high-level meetings with the tyre manufacturer’s senior management, alongside engagements with key clients and commercial partners. His itinerary featured a comprehensive tour of the company’s primary production facility and an in-depth briefing on its smart manufacturing systems.

The former Real Madrid star explored the firm’s research and development centre and evaluated the Sino-Asia test track, recognised as China’s largest and most advanced proving ground. Carlos expressed considerable admiration for the facility’s professionalism and scale, particularly noting the colossal 63-inch off-the-road tyre displayed at the headquarters. His schedule also included a panel discussion with Linglong Chairman Wang Feng and CEO Lingkun ‘Andy’ Zhou.

Linglong Tire has served as Real Madrid’s Global Tire Partner since 2024, a commitment that extends into the 2026/2027 season. The partnership is activated as the nine-time European champions prepare for their La Liga opener against Real Sociedad at the Santiago Bernabeu on 26 August. As part of the agreement, the Linglong brand secures prominent visibility on the stadium’s digital perimeter boards for all domestic league and cup fixtures.

Additional sponsorship benefits include logo placement on partner boards and the official club website, along with VIP hospitality packages. The collaboration also features advertisements in Real Madrid’s digital and print publications, television spots on the club’s official channel and extensive integration into the club’s media activities, solidifying Linglong’s presence within the Spanish giants’ commercial framework.

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The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. has announced the presentation of findings from an international joint research project for developing technologies to prevent and control rubber tree leaf fall diseases. Lead researcher Minami Matsui delivered a public lecture on 1 August, addressing the global history of rubber trees and collaborative measures against Leaf Fall Disease, which has significantly reduced production in affected regions.

Yokohama Rubber participates as a cooperating corporation in this initiative, which aims to achieve sustainable natural rubber production through disease management. The project has been selected under the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development programme, jointly implemented by the Japan Science and Technology Agency and the Japan International Cooperation Agency, with support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. This international effort unites Japanese and Indonesian institutions, focusing on Indonesia as the world's second-largest natural rubber producer, where Leaf Fall Disease has severely curtailed output. The research targets smallholder farmers, who account for over 90 percent of the nation's production, by utilising pesticides to combat the disease.

Minami Matsui (left) and co-researcher Emiko Kurihara, Assistant Professor at Keio University

Since the project launched in 2020, research has progressed from pesticide screening to field evaluations at institutional test farms and corporate plantations, and then to smallholder farm assessments beginning in September 2025. Throughout each phase, Yokohama Rubber has investigated pesticide residues in natural rubber latex and evaluated their effects on rubber properties, confirming that proper application does not compromise quality. All field evaluations have demonstrated the selected pesticides' effectiveness, and the project is now advancing towards the practical phase, including securing pesticide registration for Indonesian use.

This research aligns with Yokohama Rubber's Procurement Policy for Sustainable Natural Rubber, which includes supporting small-scale farmers. The company also participates as an official partner in another SATREPS project focused on utilising rubber seeds for green products to address global warming and plastic pollution.

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