It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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The Alliance for the Future of Tires (AZuR) is at the centre of a new industrial paradigm, as a recent study by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) for the Federation of German Industries (BDI) confirms that the circular economy is becoming a decisive competitive factor for Germany. The analysis projects that circular gross value added could more than double from roughly EUR 60 billion (approximately USD 69.60 billion) today to up to EUR 125 billion (approximately USD 144.95 billion) annually by 2045, cumulatively unlocking an additional EUR 880 billion (USD 1.02 trillion) in value creation. AZuR interprets these findings as validation that recycling, reuse and extended product life cycles directly strengthen climate protection, supply security and industrial competitiveness.

A practical model of this transition already exists in the tyre recycling sector, where Germany generates around 50 million used tyres each year. Through professional repair, retreading and regrooving, many of these tyres could remain in use significantly longer before being mechanically or chemically recycled. AZuR actively champions keeping tyres and their raw materials in circulation across Europe, with the clear goals of avoiding waste, lowering CO₂ emissions, conserving natural resources and securing secondary raw materials for industry.

The effectiveness of extending tyre lifespan is illustrated by commercial vehicle retreading, which can increase mileage by up to 25 percent. According to an AZuR and DBU study conducted by the Fraunhofer Institute UMSICHT, retreading saves over 60 percent of CO₂ emissions, roughly two-thirds of raw materials and about 50 percent of the energy compared to new tyre production. Tyres no longer suitable for retreading are then mechanically processed into rubber granulate or chemically recycled via pyrolysis and devulcanisation, yielding valuable secondary materials for construction and new tyre products.

With more than 80 partners across the entire value chain, AZuR networks industry, small and medium-sized enterprises, science and recycling technology to develop concrete circular solutions. The BCG and BDI study thus confirms that the circular economy is not merely an environmental policy issue but a crucial growth driver for Germany’s industrial future, a role that AZuR believes the tire industry is uniquely positioned to lead.

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DUNLOP has entered the Italian Rally Championship this season with former Formula 1 driver Heikki Kovalainen at the wheel. Backed by parent company Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Kovalainen competes alongside his longstanding co-driver Patric Öhman for Gino Scuderia in a Citroën C3 Rally2 fitted with DUNLOP DIREZZA 201R and 301R racing tyres.

DUNLOP’s involvement in the championship forms a key part of its global motorsport strategy, offering ideal conditions for tyre development under real-world competitive pressure. The variety of asphalt surfaces encountered provides valuable data on performance, durability and vehicle dynamics, helping transfer insights into future road tyre advancements. Kovalainen, drawing on extensive experience from Formula 1 and international rallying, has been closely involved in high-performance tyre development and will use his technical feedback to support DUNLOP’s rally tyre evolution.

As Italy’s premier rally series and one of Europe’s most demanding asphalt championships, the CIAR features seven closed-road rounds known for high speeds, technically challenging stages and extreme demands on drivers, cars and tyres. The series regularly attracts competitors from the World Rally Championship and European Rally Championship, reinforcing its reputation as a tough and respected battleground.

With two rounds completed, the season began in Tuscany in March with a 12th-place finish. A mechanical issue ended their challenge in Sicily on 14–16 May, but the duo returns to contest the championship on 4–6 June in Verona, followed by events in Rome, Alba and Cassino before the finale in Sanremo. The programme strengthens DUNLOP’s European motorsport presence and boosts brand visibility, underscoring its ambition to combine technological progress with top-level sporting performance.

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Triangle Tyre released its 2025 Sustainability Report on 29 April 2026, marking the company’s second full public accounting of its environmental, social and governance performance. The document outlines progress across all three ESG pillars since the previous disclosure.

Over the past year, the Chinese tyre manufacturer achieved several international firsts following its stock market listing. Triangle Tyre earned the EcoVadis Gold Medal, becoming the first domestic tyre company to receive that recognition, and also joined the United Nations Global Compact along with the China Environmental Protection Foundation. These moves signalled deeper global engagement on ESG issues.

The company’s sustainability leadership gained further validation through multiple external honours. Triangle Tyre appeared in the 2025 China Corporate ESG Blue Book Case Studies and the 2025 China Corporate ESG 100 Index. The China Listed Companies Association additionally named it a best practice case for corporate sustainable development, underscoring its rising influence at home and abroad.

In line with national carbon peaking and neutrality goals, Triangle Tyre pushed forward with green manufacturing by adopting energy efficient technologies and clean production processes. Its 2025 energy performance earned a place on a national list of leading enterprises in key industry energy efficiency, published by three central ministries. The company achieved a two percent year on year reduction in comprehensive energy use while building a low carbon energy management system.

Sustainability efforts extend across the product lifecycle, including tyres for the new energy vehicle market that combine ultra-low rolling resistance with high load capacity to extend driving range. The company is also pursuing a circular economy target of recycling and reusing 100 percent of end-of-life tyres by 2050. Recognised as a 2025 Shandong Social Responsibility Enterprise and a longtime best employer, Triangle Tyre maintains a people centred workplace while supporting rural revitalisation, education and disaster relief.

The company further integrates ESG standards into its supply chain with a zero-deforestation commitment and sustainability criteria for supplier assessments. As China enters the first year of its 15th five-year plan, Triangle Tyre continues to rely on technological innovation to become a globally leading tyre manufacturer, aiming to deliver greener and safer mobility solutions worldwide.

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CarbonX has extended its strategic partnership with European LFP battery manufacturer ElevenEs into 2026. The new phase transitions from initial material validation to advanced industrial-scale testing, aiming to strengthen the local supply chain for LFP batteries across Europe.

As the only LFP Edge cell producer in Europe, ElevenEs supports the regional ecosystem by offering its EdgeLabs R&D infrastructure. This platform integrates CarbonX’s carbon-based anode material into full-scale prismatic LFP blade-type cells, where rigorous benchmarking against global standards validates performance, lifespan and safety.

By providing specialised services, ElevenEs acts as an industrial catalyst for CarbonX, helping the Dutch material innovator move from laboratory to market-ready applications. The cooperation is designed to result in a conditional offtake arrangement upon the successful achievement of technical milestones.

Nemanja Mikać, CEO, ElevenEs, said, “Our continued partnership with CarbonX demonstrates how ElevenEs acts as an industrial engine for the European battery ecosystem. We don’t just validate materials; we provide the manufacturing excellence and R&D infrastructure necessary to scale promising European technologies. ElevenEs experts team actively supports suppliers to build a resilient, energy-independent supply chain for the future.”

Rutger van Raalten, CEO, CarbonX, said, “Signing this agreement with ElevenEs marks a significant step forward for CarbonX and reinforces our shared commitment to building a resilient, sustainable battery materials ecosystem. Beyond strengthening our supply chain, this partnership contributes directly to Europe’s strategic ambition for energy independence, accelerating the transition to locally sourced, low carbon critical materials.”

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