It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Pirelli has renewed its collaboration with Toyota Gazoo Racing in North American rallying, a partnership that will see the new Toyota GR Corolla Rally RC2 make its competitive debut this weekend at the 100 Acre Wood Rally. This marks the second round of the season and reintroduces the Corolla name to international rally competition.

The vehicle, developed specifically for the RC2 category of the American Rally Association (ARA), is derived from the road-going GR Corolla and has been meticulously refined with contributions from Jari-Matti Latvala and Juho Hänninen. Central to its development was the use of the latest Pirelli AT Scorpion gravel tyres, an advanced evolution of a tyre family already widely respected in the World Rally Championship for its consistent reliability and performance. These same tyres will be used throughout the entirety of the American season.

American driver Seth Quintero has been selected to pilot the new machine for the remaining rounds of the championship, bringing fresh energy to the campaign. The Toyota GR Corolla Rally RC2 represents a significant technical achievement, blending production-based design with competition-focused engineering. The development process benefited from extensive testing and the input of world-class drivers, ensuring the car is well prepared for the challenges of the ARA. With the Pirelli AT Scorpion tyres providing a proven foundation for gravel performance, the team enters the season with strong momentum and clear objectives for the rounds ahead.

Terenzio Testoni, Rally Activity Manager, Pirelli, said, “It’s a pleasure to see our collaboration with Toyota renewed in American rallying with a technically exciting project such as the Toyota GR Corolla Rally RC2. The ARA championship is a top-level series that adds to the many rally and GT programmes supplied by Pirelli around the world. We are ready to bring our experience to support Toyota in this new challenge.”

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Hoosier Racing Tire, a subsidiary of Continental AG specialising in the production of racing tyres, has entered into a significant multi-year agreement with Street Car Takeover, assuming the roles of Presenting Sponsor and Official Tyre for the prominent street car racing series. This collaboration positions Hoosier at the forefront of a dynamic motorsport platform known for its high-energy atmosphere and rapid growth within the automotive community.

The partnership ensures Hoosier's prominent visibility throughout the entirety of SCT's event lineup. This includes a presence at preliminary gatherings, main racing days, collaborative activities and featured car showcases. By becoming the series' official tyre, Hoosier deepens its dedication to the racers and the vibrant culture that defines the sport, ensuring its products are integral to the competition.

Street Car Takeover orchestrates national weekends that combine various forms of racing, including traditional drag racing and roll racing, alongside substantial car shows. These events create an immersive experience centred on street car enthusiasm, drawing thousands of participants and spectators. The diverse competition classes accommodate a wide spectrum of vehicles, from everyday street-driven machines to extensively modified high-performance builds.

To enhance competitor support, a Hoosier Racer Incentive programme will be active throughout the season. Participants using Hoosier tyres across all racing classes will earn additional championship points, providing a tangible reward for their choice of equipment during the SCT tour. This commitment to grassroots competitors extends into the car shows held at each event, where special incentives and awards will recognise exceptional vehicles fitted with Hoosier tyres.

The 2026 Street Car Takeover season is set to commence with its opening event at Famoso Raceway in Bakersfield, California. This weekend marks the first of 17 scheduled race events, where racers and fans will gather to experience a programme filled with high-speed competition, displayed vehicles and continuous activity.

Nic Moncher, Head of Marketing, Hoosier Racing Tire, said, “Street Car Takeover represents the heart of grassroots street-car performance, showcasing real racers, amazing cars, undeniable competition and an incredible lifestyle scene. At Hoosier, our mission has always been to fuel passion, pride and success. We're proud to partner with SCT, bringing even more performance, competition and excitement to every event.”

Chase Lautenbach, Founder, Street Car Takeover, said, “Hoosier Racing Tire is an iconic brand in drag racing, and we couldn’t be more excited to welcome them as the Presenting Sponsor and Official Tyre of Street Car Takeover. Their reputation for performance, innovation and racer support makes them a perfect fit for our racers and our fans.”

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Hankook Tire has introduced the Laufenn S Fit 2, a new addition to its sporty tyre lineup that emphasises consistent performance, efficiency and durability while upholding the premium standards of the Hankook brand. This marks a significant milestone as the first Laufenn model to be selected as original equipment by European automobile manufacturers. The Laufenn S Fit 2 is now widely available in 94 sizes ranging from 15 to 20 inches, with a dedicated SUV version offered in sizes from 16 to 20 inches.

Engineered specifically for the European market, the tyre underwent rigorous testing to ensure it performs reliably across diverse driving conditions. It delivers strong grip and stability for agile cornering on dry asphalt, confident control during heavy rain and a smooth, comfortable ride through city traffic. A key technical advancement is the high silica compound combined with convex tread blocks, which enables nearly 90 percent of sizes to achieve the top EU wet grip classification of A. This represents a 16 percent reduction in braking distance compared to its predecessor. Furthermore, four wide linear grooves enhance water evacuation, resulting in a 10 percent improvement in wet handling and increased directional and lateral stability at higher speeds.

The S Fit 2 also demonstrates notable gains in sustainability and cost efficiency. With a rolling resistance rating between B and C, the tyre supports exemplary fuel economy. The integration of a new generation of polymers contributes to a 15 percent increase in mileage over the previous model, thereby reducing long-term tyre costs. Additionally, the refined tread pattern minimises vibrations and noise, significantly enhancing acoustic comfort.

Beyond its performance credentials, the Laufenn S Fit 2 offers a high load capacity and low weight, making it suitable for a broad spectrum of vehicles. Looking ahead, Laufenn tyres designed for plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles will feature a dedicated EV marking on the sidewall, a strategic characteristic of this second-generation product line that is already present on the S Fit 2.

Jang Hyuk Moon, Vice President – Marketing, Hankook Tire Europe, said, “With the Laufenn S Fit 2, we are strengthening the profile of our brand in the summer segment. The fact that the tyre is also being used as original equipment for the first time is an important milestone and shows that Laufenn is continuing to gain substance in the European market.”

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The AZuR project group on chemical recycling has published a comprehensive glossary to establish clear and consistent terminology in the field of used tyre processing. This resource aims to support a common understanding among industry professionals, scientists, politicians and the media by defining key technical terms and explaining complex processes transparently.

The glossary was compiled by Claus Lamer and Robert Weibold (both of Robert Weibold GmbH), along with Dr Ann-Kathrin Andresen (ING.-UP). It covers essential concepts related to chemical tyre recycling, such as pyrolysis and devulcanization, while also including other relevant recycling methods for context.

Pyrolysis, a central process in chemical recycling, involves the thermochemical decomposition of shredded tyres at high temperatures without oxygen. This process yields valuable outputs like pyrolysis oil, gas and recovered carbon black. The generated gas can be used to power the plant, making the process highly energy efficient. Devulcanisation is another technique highlighted, as it allows vulcanised rubber to be reprocessed into a usable secondary raw material.

These advanced recycling methods are crucial for advancing a sustainable tyre circular economy. They provide a climate-friendly alternative to landfills or incineration for tyres that are no longer suitable for repair or retreading. By transforming end-of-life tyres into valuable secondary raw materials, chemical recycling keeps resources in circulation and reduces reliance on fossil fuels.

With this glossary, the AZuR project group provides a foundational technical reference to guide future discussion and development. It encourages a balanced assessment of the opportunities and limitations of these technologies, promoting innovation that supports a fully functional circular economy.

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