It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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TyreSafe, UK’s charity dedicated to raising tyre safety awareness, has entered into a new collaboration with North Wales Fire and Rescue Service (NWFRS) to embed tyre safety education into the latter’s existing road safety programmes across the region. This partnership aims to provide motorists and motorcyclists with practical guidance on tyre maintenance as part of broader efforts to reduce road casualties.

NWFRS already runs several impactful initiatives with local partners, including Operation Atal, a roadside engagement campaign with North Wales Police that educates drivers on the Fatal 5, the most common causes of fatal collisions. The Service also delivers a targeted intervention for young drivers called Olivia’s Story, a true local tragedy in which a young woman lost her life when a friend raced another friend in a newly acquired car. Additionally, NWFRS offers BikerDown training for motorcyclists and engages with riders through BikerBrews at popular stops.

Recent data from Road Safety Wales shows total reported casualties in 2024 fell by 31 percent compared to 2019, with 84 fatalities and 1,007 serious injuries across Wales, a 7.9 percent decrease from the previous year. However, rural roads, which make up about 60 percent of all road fatalities in Wales, remain a concern. Authorities continue to highlight the Fatal 5 – excessive speed, drink or drug driving, mobile phone use and not wearing seatbelts – as leading causes of serious collisions.

Through this new partnership, tyre safety messages will be incorporated into roadside engagement, community events and educational programmes across North Wales. By ensuring drivers understand the critical role tyres play in vehicle control, especially on rural roads and in challenging conditions, TyreSafe and NWFRS aim to build on recent safety improvements and further reduce the number of people killed or seriously injured on the region’s roads.

Stuart Lovatt, Chair of TyreSafe, said, “By working alongside North Wales Fire and Rescue Service and integrating tyre safety into their excellent road safety initiatives, we can reach more drivers and riders with simple, practical advice that helps prevent incidents before they happen. Partnerships like this are vital in continuing the positive progress we are seeing in reducing road casualties.”

Jane Honey, Deputy Head of Prevention at North Wales Fire and Rescue Service, said, “Our teams are committed to supporting safer communities across North Wales, and road safety education is a key part of that work. Tyre condition is a crucial element of vehicle safety, particularly on the rural roads that make up much of our region. By working with TyreSafe, we can strengthen the messages we deliver through our campaigns and community engagement, helping motorists make small checks that can have a big impact on road safety.”

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Titan International has introduced two new product lines under the Goodyear Farm Tire brand, named Goodyear Softrac Pro and Goodyear Softrac Smooth. Designed as complementary front and rear fitments, the tyre lines aim to enhance performance across a range of landscaping equipment, including both commercial and residential zero-turn mowers. The launch follows Titan’s recent expansion of its Goodyear licensing rights into additional product segments, which was announced last year.

The Softrac Pro line features a forward-thinking tread profile and refined contour intended to work harmoniously with the terrain, offering a smoother ride, better slope stability and improved turf protection. Engineered for both professionals and homeowners, the tyre provides long-lasting durability and dependable traction without compromising ground quality. Key technical attributes include a proprietary ozone-resistant tread compound for extended tyre life, a meticulously engineered tread pattern that reduces turf damage and a multi-angle lug design for excellent hillside traction.

Current Softrac Pro sizes range from 20x10.00-8NHS to 26x12.00-12NHS, covering the most popular rear fitments for commercial and residential zero-turn mowers, with additional sizes planned for front engine riders and compact tractors. Meanwhile, the Softrac Smooth line is built as a front fitment for high-precision commercial mowers, engineered to deliver precise handling and clean cutting lines under heavy workloads. Available sizes include 11x4.00-5, 13x5.00-6 and 13x6.50-6, covering key front wheel mower fitments.

Both Softrac Pro and Softrac Smooth lines have undergone rigorous testing by multiple original equipment manufacturers, reinforcing Titan’s focus on application-specific solutions. Working together as front and rear systems, the tyres support a full range of commercial mower configurations, including zero-turn, stand-on and low-profile models, helping manufacturers and dealers equip fleets with a top-tier brand while boosting overall performance.

Peter Kortes, Outdoor Power Equipment Product Manager – Titan Specialty Division, said, “For years, turf tyres have looked largely the same, and recent aggressive designs have swung too far without considering everyday functionality. We set out to create a tread that strikes the perfect balance, modern and bold, yet still turf‑friendly and practical for any user. The result delivers standout style with the optimal performance customers expect from their equipment.”

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Vittoria has announced the return of a fan-favourite special edition tyre, the Corsa PRO Pink, now available to celebrate one of the most successful road tyres in cycling history. The original Corsa PRO has built its reputation on victories in Grand Tours, Classics and other elite races, making it the preferred choice for professional riders and teams competing on Vittoria equipment.

Officially launched on 28th April, the Corsa PRO Pink delivers identical performance to the standard model but features a distinctive pink sidewall. Available in 700x28c and 700x30c sizes, this special edition has been brought back by popular demand after its initial 2023 release. The Corsa PRO is recognised as the most advanced cotton tire ever produced, with engineers integrating the rubber tread into the cotton casing through newly developed vulcanization processes.

The tyre’s 320 TPI cotton casing, the finest on the market, provides the suppleness and comfort required at the highest levels of competition. Vittoria’s Graphene plus Silica compound enhances speed, durability and grip, making this tyre a top choice for road racing applications where peak performance is non-negotiable.

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Nexen Tire reported record first-quarter revenue and higher profitability, supported by stronger sales in Europe and North America and a shift towards higher-value products.

The company said revenue rose to KRW 838.3 billion in the three months to March, while operating profit reached KRW 54.2 billion. The increase came despite a “hostile business environment” marked by slowing global demand and geopolitical risks.

Sales were driven by solid performance in key markets, notably Europe and North America. A recent plant expansion in Europe improved production stability, enabling higher volumes from existing customers and new client wins.

Original equipment (OE) sales remained stable, supported by a diversified product portfolio, even as global automotive demand weakened.

Profitability improved on the back of a more favourable product mix and cost controls. The share of high-value products — including premium OE tyres and those for sport utility vehicles and electric vehicles — continued to rise. High-inch tyres, defined as 18 inches and above, accounted for 40 percent of total sales.

The company also said efforts to offset higher raw material and ocean freight costs contributed to margin gains.

Alongside its results, Nexen outlined measures to strengthen its global position, including expanding region-specific product offerings. In South Korea, it launched the high-performance N’FERA Sport and the all-weather N’BLUE 4SEASON 2, following earlier introductions in Europe and the US.

In Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region, Nexen introduced the N’BLUE S summer tyre and pursued partnerships with local distributors to bolster retail competitiveness.

With external uncertainties expected to persist into the second quarter, the company said it would accelerate diversification of its global sales structure while maintaining growth in strategic markets such as Australia and Japan.

Nexen also plans to expand regional distribution centres and advance its AI-based virtual development process using a high dynamic driving simulator introduced last year.

A Nexen Tire official said: “We achieved solid results despite the uncertain business environment. We will continue to respond proactively to market changes while strengthening product competitiveness and operational efficiency to sustain quality growth.”

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