It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Doublestar Tire emerged as a prominent exhibitor at the 2026 Latin Tyre & Auto Parts Expo in Panama City. The premier industry gathering for the Americas attracted over 700 international exhibitors and more than 30,000 professional trade visitors, providing a substantial platform for automotive parts and tire manufacturers.

The Panamanian event serves as a critical commercial gateway, radiating trade opportunities across more than 20 neighbouring nations. Given Latin America’s varied topography and climatic extremes, which demand superior tyre resilience and wet traction, Doublestar has collaborated with regional partners to engineer customised products. These targeted solutions have secured considerable market acceptance and popularity throughout the area.

Among the showcased innovations, the TBR tyre D902 integrates a wear-resistant compound with an advanced tread pattern, ensuring dependable stability for long-haul routes in tropical heat. The DSU02, a premier passenger car tyre, demonstrates exceptional protection against abrasion and impact, coupled with superior handling in both wet and dry conditions. A diverse portfolio of economically priced models further drew significant attention from purchasing agents.

This strategic participation has notably amplified Doublestar’s brand presence across the American markets and established a robust framework for deeper local engagement. Committed to delivering high-performance, value-added transportation solutions, Doublestar continues to reinforce the international standing of Chinese tyre manufacturers through quality-driven innovation.

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Barez Industrial Group, Iran’s leading tyre manufacturer, observed its 29th consecutive year of activity on the Tehran Securities Exchange during a commemorative event held on 23 August 2026. The gathering featured the traditional exchange bell ceremony, underscoring the company’s enduring footprint in Iran’s capital markets.

Speaking on the occasion, Jamal Mirzaei, CEO of Barez Industrial Group, spoke of the organisation’s momentum, asserting that current undertakings and forward-looking blueprints are steadily carving out its tomorrow. The firm’s leadership used the platform to reaffirm its commitment to sustained growth and operational excellence.

Originating as a provincial manufacturer in Kerman back in 1985, Barez has since risen to become a linchpin of the national tyre industry. Strategic upgrades to production lines and the integration of cutting-edge manufacturing processes have propelled its reach beyond borders. Since joining the TSE in 1997, it has outshone six other listed peers in the rubber and plastics category, claiming the largest share of the sector’s overall valuation, which exceeded IRR 330 trillion at the prior session, with the group responsible for over IRR 120 trillion of that figure.

The proceedings also included an award presentation, with TSE Chief Mahmoud Goudarzi offering a commemorative token to Mirzaei in appreciation of the firm’s three-decade record of transparent engagement with the exchange. Later, a press engagement allowed the executive team to walk reporters through notable milestones, pipeline ventures and strategic forecasts, fostering a clearer view of the company’s roadmap for investors and analysts alike.

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Continental has introduced a 32-mm variant of its Aero 111 road tyre, expanding the range of its most aerodynamically advanced model. Developed in partnership with Swiss Side, this wider version aims to deliver the same drag-reducing performance while catering to cyclists seeking a combination of speed and improved comfort on demanding surfaces.

The tyre’s aerodynamic efficiency is achieved through a patented tread pattern featuring 48 precision cavities that function as vortex generators. This design manipulates airflow around the front wheel to delay separation, maintaining optimal performance across varying wind angles. The result is a significant reduction in drag and an enhanced sailing effect, allowing for greater forward propulsion with reduced rider effort.

Despite its broader profile, the tyre maintains its speed and durability credentials through Continental’s BlackChili compound, ensuring low rolling resistance and dependable grip in all conditions. Protection is provided by the Vectran Breaker layer, and the tubeless-ready casing is compatible with hookless rims. Offered in black sidewall and three widths, the Aero 111 now serves a wider array of road cycling demands.

Hannah Ferle, Road Product Manager, Continental Tires, said, “With the addition of the 32 mm width, we truly are offering aero performance from every angle. Developing the Aero 111 alongside Swiss Side has allowed us to build a tyre like no other, one that performs across even the most demanding conditions. The Aero 111 has already proven the benefits of advanced airflow management, but this additional width allows us to bring those same aerodynamic gains and crosswind-taming technologies to the modern road cyclist who refuses to compromise on comfort.”

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TyreSafe has issued a fresh warning to UK motorists regarding the persistent dangers of part-worn tyres, drawing on the findings of recent multi-agency enforcement operations. The safety charity has underscored that despite ongoing efforts to regulate the sector, significant compliance failures continue to place drivers at risk. These concerns are based on collaborative inspections conducted over the past year with Trading Standards, police forces and local authorities, which have revealed systemic issues within the market.

Enforcement actions in Norfolk and Lancashire have exposed alarming deficiencies in the safety and legality of part-worn tyres on sale. In Norfolk, an inspection of nearly 200 tyres across several retail outlets found that over a third were in a dangerous condition, featuring exposed cords, structural damage and inadequate repairs. Remarkably, only a single tyre out of the entire batch satisfied all legal requirements, leading to the immediate removal of unsafe products and subsequent enforcement measures against non-compliant sellers.

Parallel operations in Lancashire painted an equally concerning picture, where none of the 30 part-worn tyres examined met the mandatory legal standards. Every tyre inspected failed to display the compulsory ‘PART-WORN’ marking, and many exhibited serious defects such as embedded objects, sidewall damage and substandard repairs. These discoveries have prompted ongoing engagement with businesses to encourage better practices, though the overall findings highlight a widespread disregard for established safety protocols.

In response to the enforcement outcomes, TyreSafe has noted that educational initiatives have yielded some positive changes among retailers. Certain businesses have enhanced their understanding of legal obligations, reduced their stock of part-worn tyres or transitioned to offering new budget alternatives. Nevertheless, the charity maintains that part-worn tyres remain a high-risk category, as compliance is not uniformly observed, leaving consumers vulnerable to products with undocumented histories and hidden structural weaknesses that are not always visible during a casual inspection.

The organisation has emphasised the critical distinction between tyres fitted to used vehicles and those sold as standalone part-worn products. While the former are acquired as part of a complete car purchase, the latter are individual items whose safety and legality depend entirely on the retailer’s diligence. TyreSafe has reiterated that these tyres must meet strict legal criteria, including a minimum tread depth of two millimetres, successful pressure testing and freedom from cuts or bulges, yet enforcement shows these rules are frequently ignored.

Motorists are being strongly urged to exercise caution and prioritise their safety by sourcing tyres from reputable suppliers and conducting regular checks on air pressure, condition and tread depth. TyreSafe has highlighted that opting for part-worn tyres on cost grounds can prove false economy, given their reduced lifespan and elevated risk of sudden failure. The charity continues to advocate for new tyres as the safest choice, stressing that the unknown history of part-worn products can have dire consequences in real-world driving conditions.

Stuart Lovatt, TyreSafe Chair, said, “Our recent education and enforcement activity revealed a deeply concerning picture of tyre safety on UK roads. Too often, part-worn tyres are being used as a dangerous short-term fix rather than a safe, compliant solution. We encountered vehicles fitted with severely aged tyres that should have been removed from service years ago, alongside single-tyre replacements fitted purely to secure an MOT pass. This creates highly unstable and potentially dangerous combinations, including mismatched summer and winter tyres on the same axle, which can seriously compromise braking and handling. Perhaps most alarming, none of the part-worn tyres we inspected carried the legally required ‘PART-WORN’ marking, highlighting a serious lack of compliance and leaving motorists unknowingly exposed to unsafe and unverified products.”

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