It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Birla Carbon is reinforcing its dedication to South America’s evolving tyre and rubber sectors by merging worldwide innovation with localised production, technical proficiency and customer service. With a well-established history in Brazil and extensive experience across the continent, the company is strategically positioned to assist manufacturers in navigating present market challenges while simultaneously planning for future industry demands.

This fusion of regional insight and global research capabilities will be prominently featured at Expobor 2026. The event is scheduled from 23 to 25 June at São Paulo’s Expo Center Norte, where the corporation will occupy Booth 19004, offering attendees a direct look at its latest advancements.

As a dominant force in global carbon black production, Birla Carbon serves diverse sectors that depend on this critical material, ranging from tyres and rubber goods to specialty applications. Leveraging its regional production sites, a vast international research network and a comprehensive product lineup – which includes BC grades, Raven and Conductex blacks, Continua SCM and Nanocyl nanotubes – the firm ensures products are customised for local needs without compromising the consistency and excellence expected worldwide.

With rising customer emphasis on performance, dependable supply chains and ecological responsibility, Birla Carbon is advancing solutions like Continua SCM to facilitate the shift towards circular economies. This sustainable material can partially replace traditional carbon black in numerous industrial uses, aiding clients in meeting their environmental targets. By combining local roots with global reach and a strong sustainability ethos, the company remains a pillar for the long-term resilience and competitiveness of South America’s rubber industries, and its team at Expobor will be available to discuss these innovations further.

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AZuR participated as a cooperation partner for the tyre material flow at the conference ‘NRW can do DPP!’ held on 16 June 2026 at the Bottrop campus of Ruhr West University of Applied Sciences. Approximately 150 participants from industry, academia, associations and politics convened to exchange knowledge and discuss implementation strategies for the Digital Product Passport.

The strategic significance of the Digital Product Passport for North Rhine-Westphalia was underscored by Susanne Hagenkort-Rieger from the state's Ministry of Economic Affairs. She articulated that the circular economy has become a pivotal competitive factor for regional value creation and resource sovereignty, with digitalisation serving as the essential catalyst for unlocking efficiency potential.

European Commission Policy Officer Franziska Zibold detailed the DPP's role within the broader EU sustainability strategy and forthcoming regulatory obligations via live video. Thomas L Rödding of the CEN-CENELEC standardisation committee subsequently emphasised that standardised data structures and interoperable systems are fundamental to successful implementation.

Yorick Lowin of the German Federal Association of Tire Dealers presented the DPP's application in the tyre circular economy. Tyres were identified as an ideal use case due to their material complexity and diverse recycling streams. The digital passport can optimise used tyre sorting, streamline retreadable casing selection and support recycling by making manufacturer and production data accessible.

Lowin also raised concerns regarding data sovereignty and integration challenges for small and medium-sized enterprises, calling for neutral platforms accessible to all market players. For AZuR, the conference reaffirmed the DPP's importance for prolonging tyre lifecycles, enhancing recycling transparency and driving resource efficiency and climate protection across Europe.

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Cooper Tires is strategically reinforcing its all-season tyre portfolio across passenger cars, sport utility vehicles and light commercial vehicles to meet the growing demand for versatile, year-round driving solutions. This expansion addresses the practical needs of drivers who encounter fluctuating road and weather conditions throughout the year.

Leveraging over a century of tyre manufacturing expertise, the company has broadened its all-season range to deliver reliable, balanced performance and durability tailored for real-world driving across the EMEA region. The enhanced product line now achieves an 89 percent market coverage rate for key European vehicles, ensuring a wide array of suitable options for customers.

The comprehensive portfolio includes the Cooper All-Season for cars and SUVs and the Cooper All-Season Van for light trucks. Both ranges carry the 3PMSF symbol, signifying certified winter capability. The passenger car and SUV line incorporates 3D blading technology for effective braking, an optimised footprint for even wear and extended tread life and a robust carcass for stable handling. This range comprises 84 SKUs, spanning sizes from 14 to 20 inches, and is engineered to be electric vehicle ready.

Specifically developed for commercial use, the Cooper All-Season Van emphasises strength, high mileage and reliability for daily fleet operations. Its deep treads and high-density siping enhance all-season braking, while a reinforced casing supports heavy payloads and demanding work environments. This van-specific line includes 18 SKUs, covering 15- to 17-inch diameters, and is also EV-ready. This strategic investment underscores Cooper Tires’ commitment to delivering its characteristic toughness and straightforward dependability through a versatile all-season offering in the region.

Ben Glesener, Senior Technology Director Product Development Consumer EMEA, said, “Cooper is focused on doing what really matters for drivers – delivering dependable tyres with strong coverage, proven performance and real‑world durability. Backed by more than 100 years of heritage and a renewed investment in product and brand across Europe, our all‑season portfolio is designed to give customers confidence all year round, whatever the road or the season.”

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Goodyear executed its largest-ever endurance operation at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, a feat defined by 188,747 kilometres driven, 377.5 million wheel revolutions, and 44 cars competing across the LMGT3 and LMP2 classes. The Goodyear Racing Eagle tyres delivered relentless performance, supported by over 120 experts and a stock of 8,000 tyres that sustained racing throughout the entire week.

The tyres' exceptional consistency allowed teams to extend stint lengths significantly, saving precious time during pit stops. Most LMGT3 squads completed four stints, or forty laps, before changing rubber, while LMP2 entries routinely managed five. One LMP2 team notably kept a single set for 56 laps, covering 761 kilometres, a distance comparable to travelling from Le Mans to Monaco.

Pace did not diminish despite the high mileage, with the fastest LMGT3 car posting a 100-lap average 1.2 seconds quicker per lap than the previous year, marking the fastest Le Mans of the LMGT3 era. Goodyear’s off-track presence was equally robust, featuring the Goodyear Blimp, a new grandstand, a popular fan activation, a museum collaboration and the introduction of the Goodyear Passerelle.

Ahead of the race, Goodyear reaffirmed its commitment to LMGT3 through a joint announcement with the FIA and ACO, extending its exclusive supply into a fourth season in 2027 with a new tyre composed of 66 percent sustainable materials. The WEC now moves to the 6 Hours of São Paulo on 12 July, though many Le Mans teams will first compete at the European Le Mans Series’ 4 Hours of Imola on 5 July.

Stephen Bickley, Goodyear Endurance Program Manager, said, “When you look at the distances covered without compromising on pace, it underlines the consistency and reliability of our Goodyear Racing Eagle tyres throughout one of the toughest races in the world. It was a special Le Mans for us, felt through our fan activation, partnership renewal and icons old and new at – and above – the circuit.”

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