It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Citira has expanded its service network in western Sweden by acquiring TH Pettersson, a renowned tyre service company with two shops in the Gothenburg area. This acquisition adds two key service points positioned close to the region's major traffic and logistics hubs, significantly advancing Citira's coverage in this strategic area.

TH Pettersson holds a distinguished place in Swedish commercial history as one of the oldest tyre shops in the country, having been founded in 1923. From modest origins, the business grew to achieve a strong national reputation under the guidance of three generations of entrepreneurs who maintained a long-term value creation and service-driven philosophy. The two well-situated shops will now form crucial new service points within the Citira network.

The business will continue operating with the same team in the same premises, ensuring continuity for customers and staff alike. David Heidenfors, the long-term manager, together with the broader TH Pettersson team, will continue managing daily operations while benefiting from Citira's resources for continued development. As part of this new chapter, both Max Petersfeldt and Mikael Petersfelt will become co-owners of Citira.

David Boman, CEO, Citira, said, “We are very excited that TH Pettersson will join Citira, as we have regarded them as a key player in the Gothenburg area for a long time. The team delivers great service to their customers, which will now come to the benefit of our customers as well. In TH Pettersson, we have a great partner on Sweden’s west coast, which we look forward to further developing and growing together with David, the TH team and Max as a senior advisor.”

Max Petersfeldt of TH Pettersson said, “Joining Citira and a group of like-minded colleagues marks an important milestone in our journey while also allowing us to be part of and contribute to this exciting development in our industry. I am confident that under the continued leadership of David Heidenfors, Citira and TH Pettersson will realise our full potential in the region while allowing us to stay true to our customers, who will find us in the same place with the same team which they have always trusted.”

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Bridgestone has renewed its collaboration with game developer Milestone for the launch of RIDE 6, the latest title in the popular motorcycle racing franchise. This edition represents the most comprehensive instalment in the series to date, introducing new motorcycles, diverse terrains and authentic tracks. Continuing its role as the official tyre supplier, Bridgestone brings its real-world high-performance motorcycle tyres into the virtual environment. Players around the world can now experience the same grip and endurance that define the brand’s real-life products across roads, circuits and trails, thanks to the game’s updated dual-physics engine.

A major feature in this edition is the new RIDE Fest career mode, which immerses players in the journey of a professional rider competing against motorsport icons such as Casey Stoner and Troy Bayliss. Within this mode, a dedicated Bridgestone Challenge chapter allows users to test the brand’s tyres across various racing disciplines and surfaces, from endurance events to circuit racing. Bridgestone also sponsors the redesigned Riding School, a training module offering structured tutorials to help players refine their skills. The company’s motorsport expertise, particularly its success in the FIM Endurance World Championship, directly informs the tyre behaviour modelled in the game. Virtual riders must consider tyre degradation, respond to changing track conditions and make tactical choices, mirroring the strategic depth found in real-world racing.

The presence of Bridgestone has been expanded throughout RIDE 6, with enhanced branding featured across menus, tracks and gameplay elements. The tyre lineup itself has grown to include recent additions to the BATTLAX family, such as the RACING BATTLAX V03 slick, engineered for maximum circuit performance and faster lap times, alongside the road-legal RACING STREET RS12, which offers superior dry grip. For the first time in the series, off-road segments are included, enabling players to equip adventure-focused tyres like the BATTLAX ADVENTURECROSS AX41. Other available options include the ADVENTURE TRAIL AT41, the RACING BATTLAX W01 and the HYPERSPORT S23.

With more than 340 motorcycles from 21 manufacturers, all fitted with Bridgestone’s virtual tyre models, the game boasts the most varied selection in the franchise’s history. Built using Unreal Engine 5, RIDE 6 is now accessible on PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X|S and PC through Steam and the Epic Games Store.

Nico Thuy, Director Motorcycle at Bridgestone EMEA, said, “RIDE 6 is the most realistic and wide-ranging entry in the series so far, and that makes it the ideal platform to showcase our large premium motorcycle tyre portfolio and its performance. With expanded modes, new features and a stronger Bridgestone presence throughout the experience than ever before, the game takes our longstanding partnership with Milestone to the next level. Through the RIDE series, we’re both strengthening our leadership in motorcycle tyres and showcasing our racing legacy in a fun, engaging way to riders and gamers worldwide.”

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Porsche Carrera Cup North America is entering a new chapter defined by a significant technical partnership and the introduction of an updated race car. A multi-year agreement has been established making Pirelli the official tyre supplier for the championship, marking the first time in the series' six-year history that it will compete on Pirelli rubber. This collaboration reinforces the connection between motorsport engineering and road car performance, a link demonstrated by the bespoke Pirelli P Zero R and P Zero Trofeo RS tyres developed for the road-going Porsche 911 GT3.

The 2026 season will debut the new Type 992.2 Porsche 911 Cup car, an evolution of the brand's successful single-make racer with refinements focused on raceability and handling. It will compete in only four global championships, including the North American series. These cars will be fitted with the Pirelli P Zero DHG tyre, a control tyre already introduced across Pirelli’s global GT championships in 2025. For wet conditions, teams will use the Pirelli Cinturato WHB, the standard wet weather tyre for GT classes since last year.

The P Zero tyres used in the series will carry the Forest Stewardship Council logo, signifying a commitment to sustainable sourcing. This certification ensures the natural rubber originates from forests managed to preserve biodiversity and support local communities, with a supply chain that rigorously separates certified materials from non-certified sources.

The new partnership and the new car will make their on-track debut together during a series-wide test at Sebring International Raceway in mid-February. The 2026 championship season will officially commence at the same venue from 18th to 20th March, running in support of the IMSA WeatherTech Championship’s Mobil 1 Twelve Hours of Sebring.

Volker Holzmeyer, President and CEO, PMNA, said, “Porsche and Pirelli share a deep motorsport heritage and a commitment to innovation that carries from the track to the road. We’re excited to welcome Pirelli to our premier Porsche One-Make series as we usher in a new era with the 911 Cup and new Pirelli tyres beginning in 2026.”

Claudio Zanardo, President and CEO, Pirelli North America, said, “Pirelli is thrilled to partner with Porsche Motorsport North America as the tyre supplier for the Porsche Carrera Cup North America, adding to our extensive portfolio of top-level championships supported worldwide. This collaboration demonstrates Pirelli’s dedication to performance and innovation, bringing race-proven technology from the track to the road. Just as Porsche vehicles set the standard for driving excellence, our P Zero tyres define precision, handling and performance in both competition and everyday driving. With motorsport rapidly expanding across North America, attracting more fans and creating new opportunities to showcase high-performance engineering, we are excited to strengthen our presence and support this momentum. Taking on this challenge alongside Porsche, its teams, drivers and the iconic 911 Cup cars is an opportunity for continuous innovation, collaboration and growth throughout the season.”

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Nova Motorsport has solidified its position within historic motorsport by agreeing a significant long-term contract extension with Peter Auto, a leading organiser in the field. This renewed agreement reinforces the British brand’s status as a principal technical collaborator, now with an expanded scope of official supply duties.

Under the terms of the multi-year deal, Nova Motorsport will continue as the exclusive tyre provider for several of Peter Auto’s premier series, including Group C Racing, both Classic Endurance Racing categories (CER1 and CER2) and the 2.0L Cup. The partnership has been formally broadened to now also encompass the Sixties’ Endurance series, a key addition to its portfolio. This season for Sixties’ Endurance is set to run from the Espíritu De Montjuïc event in late March through to the HSR Daytona Classic 24 Hour in November.

The arrangement is a cornerstone of Nova’s historic racing programme, underlining its dedication to supplying proven Avon Motorsport tyre products across Europe’s most esteemed historic platforms. This capability is underpinned by the intellectual property and experienced technical team that transferred to Nova following its 2024 acquisition of Avon Motorsport’s assets from Cooper Tire. Logistical and trackside support for competitors will once again be managed by Peter Auto’s exclusive service partner Sodipneu.

By extending and deepening this relationship, Nova Motorsport strengthens its commitment to the historic endurance racing community. The partnership is poised to support the continued growth and international prestige of Peter Auto’s renowned series, placing Nova at the very heart of the discipline.

Daniel Stanton, Head – Sales and Marketing, Nova Motorsport, said, “We are proud to extend our longstanding partnership with Peter Auto, one of the most respected names in the historic and classic automotive racing community, through a new long-term agreement. This relationship marks the successful transformation of Avon Motorsport into Nova Motorsport, as Peter Auto enters the ASO/ACO era under the leadership of Marc Ouayoun. Historic motorsport sits at the heart of the Nova Motorsport business, and partnering with Europe’s premier historic race championships is the perfect expression of that focus. Adding the Sixties’ Endurance series, which concludes with the HSR Daytona Classic 24 Hour at Daytona Speedway in November, to the Nova Motorsport portfolio accelerates our core strategy and further aligns with our growth targets for the Nova Motorsport brand and Avon and Nova tyre products in North America.”

Marc Ouayoun, Managing Director, Peter Auto, said, “We are delighted to continue and expand our partnership with Nova Motorsport. This collaboration reflects a shared vision based on technical excellence and reliability to ensure authentic and competitive racing across all our series. This partnership also highlights our commitment to historic motorsport and its development, both in Europe and internationally.”

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