It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Hankook Tire is set to showcase its advanced commercial tyre portfolio at the inaugural Road Transport Expo (RTX) Ireland, scheduled for 15 and 16 April 2026 at the Eikon Exhibition Centre in Lisburn. Hankook will display the pioneering e-SMART City AU56 EV bus tyre, the new Smart Work AM11+ for regional distribution, the versatile SmartFlex range for long-haul applications and value-focused Laufenn commercial tyres. Organised by the team behind the successful RTX Stoneleigh and RTX Scotland events, RTX Ireland 2026 brings a dedicated truck focus to Northern Ireland. With over 50 exhibitors and an expected attendance of more than 7,000 visitors, the event serves as a crucial hub for the Irish road transport sector to network and discover industry-shaping innovations. Attendees can find Hankook alongside its exclusive distributor, TyreCall and Tractamotors, at Stand C15.

Among the featured innovations is Hankook’s pioneering e-SMART City AU56, the brand’s first electric bus tyre introduced in 2024. Engineered for the unique demands of electric urban transport, this tyre offers low rolling resistance for extended range, reduced noise for enhanced passenger comfort and robust durability to manage the high torque and heavier loads of electric vehicles. Also on show will be the recently launched Smart Work AM11+, a tyre specifically developed for the rigours of regional and local distribution. Its design provides strong resilience against the wear and tear of stop-start operations, making it ideal for demanding sectors like waste management, with reinforced sidewalls for extra protection.

For fleets covering regional and long-haul routes, Hankook will present its SmartFlex range. The SmartFlex AL51 for steer axles and DL51 for drive axles are engineered for consistent performance throughout their lifespan. Reflecting Hankook’s commitment to sustainability and cost-efficiency, these tyres are both regroovable and retreadable. Complementing the Hankook portfolio, visitors can also explore the Laufenn brand, including the Laufenn365 initiative. The Laufenn commercial range, featuring the LF95+ trailer tyre, LF22 all-position tyre and LZ22 drive tyre, leverages Hankook’s advanced technology to deliver strong value, full retreadability and a reduced environmental footprint, catering to budget-conscious operators. This participation underscores Hankook’s growing leadership in the UK truck tyre replacement market, driven by continuous innovation and tailored solutions for an evolving industry.

Jon Cottrell, Truck and Bus Sales Manager, Hankook Tyre UK, said, “We are looking forward to the first Road Transport Expo in Northern Ireland – it’s a fantastic opportunity to build meaningful connections and stay informed on the latest developments shaping the industry. 2026 marks the inaugural RTX Ireland and our first time exhibiting in Northern Ireland, which makes it particularly exciting. We’re proud to be attending alongside our exclusive distributors, TyreCall and sister company, Tractamotors, who we have had a strong partnership with for the last 40 years. We look forward to welcoming both existing and prospective customers to our stand while gaining valuable insight into the Irish truck tyre market.”

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The Tire Industry Project (TIP) has released the updated Product Category Rules (PCR) for tyres in collaboration with UL Environment. This revision establishes a more robust framework for measuring environmental performance and promotes consistent transparency throughout the tyre sector.

A Product Category Rule serves as a standardised guide for manufacturers to conduct lifecycle assessments and create Environmental Product Declarations that enable meaningful comparisons between similar products. Valid for the next five years, the revised PCR integrates current scientific findings, including enhanced methods for tracking greenhouse gas emissions. It reflects modern production realities such as the adoption of renewable energy in manufacturing plants and incorporates evolving vehicle technologies like improved fuel economy and alternative fuel sources. The update also mandates uniform reporting when new materials are introduced, simplifying the monitoring of sustainability advancements.

Independently adopted by the 10 member companies of the Tire Industry Project, which collectively account for 60 percent of global tyre production capacity, this fourth edition encourages wider voluntary implementation across the industry. Developed through collaboration among major manufacturers, the PCR standardises how environmental footprints are calculated from raw material extraction through disposal, ensuring comparability of Environmental Product Declarations. This comparability supports environmentally conscious purchasing decisions and fosters ongoing improvements in sustainability across the value chain.

Key enhancements include refined carbon footprint calculations addressing biogenic carbon, expanded applicability to all tyre categories including off-road and specialty tyres and greater regional accuracy by incorporating localised data on end-of-life tyre management, vehicle efficiency, energy mixes and payload considerations. The methodology now provides a clear hierarchy for assessing impacts in multi-product manufacturing environments, aligns impact indicators with the European Commission’s Environmental Footprint 3.1 framework and updates raw material datasets and emission factors for improved data quality.

UL Solutions, an independent safety science organization, collaborated closely on developing and publishing this updated PCR.

Dr Larisa Kryachkova, Executive Director, TIP, said, “The updated PCR reflects years of collaboration and investment to advance sustainability across the tyre value chain. Our goal is to strengthen environmental reporting. With a common methodology, we support better industry-wide decision-making, turning ambition into positive environmental action.”

Ranee Valles, Director and General Manager – Product Sustainability, UL Solutions, said, “Transparent, standardised reporting enables manufacturers, regulators, fleet operators and consumers to make informed choices about the products they use or supply. Our collaboration with TIP reflects a shared commitment to credible, science-driven solutions, and we’re grateful for TIP’s leadership in advancing scientific rigour and industry alignment on environmental reporting.”

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Sun Auto Tire & Service, one of the largest independent tyre and automotive service providers in US, has expanded into Colorado by acquiring 23 locations from DAS Drive Automotive Services, marking its entry into the state. This move establishes a notable presence for the company in the greater Denver area while simultaneously enhancing its existing footprint in Arizona. As a result, the Sun Auto Network broadens its service coverage throughout the Southwest region.

With the integration of these locations into the network, customers will now benefit from an expanded suite of offerings. These include access to well-known national tyre brands, the implementation of digital vehicle inspections and an extended range of service capabilities. Furthermore, a nationwide warranty, supported by over 575 locations across the country, provides added assurance. The acquired shops will also tap into shared operational resources, benefit from advanced training initiatives and utilise integrated technology systems, all designed to ensure a uniform and high-quality experience for customers and support for technicians.

This strategic growth is in line with Sun Auto's overarching goal of sustainable expansion. The company prioritises partnerships with established operators who demonstrate a strong dedication to service excellence, the professional development of their teams, and deep-rooted community ties. Through this latest acquisition, the Sun Auto Network continues to extend access to dependable automotive care while reinforcing the communities and personnel fundamental to its ongoing success.

Chris Ripani, Chief Operations Officer, said, "We're excited to welcome these respected brands and their teams to the Sun Auto Network. Each of these businesses has built strong relationships in their communities by delivering dependable service and taking care of customers the right way. That commitment aligns perfectly with the values we look for in every partnership."

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TyreSafe, UK’s charity dedicated to raising tyre safety awareness, has welcomed Essex Police as its newest road safety partner, furthering a joint effort to address the dangers posed by defective and unlawful tyres across one of UK’s most expansive and varied policing regions. As the largest non-metropolitan force in the country, Essex Police serves over 1.86 million residents, covering a diverse landscape that includes dense urban areas, vast agricultural regions, 400 miles (approximately 643.74 km) of coastline and key national assets such as Stansted Airport and the Port of Tilbury.

This partnership adds Essex Police to a nationwide network of more than 250 TyreSafe affiliates, all working collaboratively to reduce collisions stemming from tyre-related offences and neglected vehicle upkeep. The force’s Head of Roads Policing, Adam Pipe, characterised 2025 as exceptionally tragic due to a spike in road deaths. In response, enforcement was intensified, revealing a persistent pattern of tyre violations during checks.

Officers noted that tyre defects frequently appear on vehicles driven by individuals under the influence of alcohol or drugs. This combination of risky behaviour and poor vehicle care significantly endangers others. During the winter anti-drink and drug driving initiative, Operation Limit, numerous tyre issues came to light. These included a vehicle stopped with four completely bald tyres, two of which showed exposed cords, leading to an immediate driving ban. A single day of action in Maldon uncovered eight construction and use offences, ranging from shallow tread to sidewall damage. At least one driver was reported for visible tyre cords, an offence that typically attracts fines and licence points. The Commercial Vehicle Unit also utilised thermal cameras and tread gauges during HGV inspections, finding that a considerable number of commercial vehicles required warnings or prohibitions for tyres nearing the legal limit.

These incidents highlight the widespread nature of the problem and the substantial threat it poses to everyone using Essex’s roads. Defective tyres are a major but avoidable hazard, contributing to diminished control, longer stopping distances and heightened danger in wet conditions. UK regulations mandate a minimum tread depth of 1.6 mm for cars and vans and 1 mm for large goods vehicles and larger motorcycles. Tyres must also be free of significant damage and correctly rated for their vehicle. Offenders risk fines reaching GBP 2,500 and three penalty points for each illegal tyre.

Inspector Steve Rooney, Roads Policing, Essex Police, said, “We are seeing first-hand just how many vehicles on our roads are being driven with tyres that are worn, defective or in an outright dangerous condition. The risk to the public is enormous, yet the fear of detection among offenders remains low. By partnering with TyreSafe, we aim to raise awareness, improve compliance and ultimately reduce avoidable harm on our roads.”

Stuart Lovatt, Chair of TyreSafe, said, “We are delighted to welcome Essex Police as a TyreSafe road safety partner. The scale and diversity of Essex’s road network – from urban centres to major freight routes – means the force plays a vital role in protecting millions of road users every day. Enforcement highlights the issue, but education and awareness are equally important. By working together, we can ensure more road users understand their legal responsibilities and the simple checks they can carry out to keep their tyres safe and roadworthy. Preventing tyre-related incidents is entirely achievable, and partnerships like this are key to reducing avoidable harm on our roads.”

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