It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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A significant knowledge gap exists among UK drivers regarding the performance of electric vehicles (EVs) in cold weather, according to a YouGov study commissioned by Michelin. With winter conditions setting in and EV adoption rising, the research indicates that more than half of motorists are unaware that their electric car might handle differently in the cold, and over a third confess to feeling nervous about operating one during winter.

This apprehension is compounded by a clear disparity between driver attitudes and their actual preparedness. An overwhelming majority of respondents, around 90 percent, acknowledge the importance of winter vehicle preparation, and 82 percent recognise the critical role tyres play in safety. However, behavioural data reveals a stark contrast, with only 11.7 percent currently using winter tyres. This suggests a widespread failure to translate awareness into actionable safety measures.

The core of the issue lies in a lack of specific understanding about EV dynamics. Twenty percent of those surveyed incorrectly believed electric cars are generally less safe in winter than traditional fuel vehicles. A prominent concern for 67 percent of drivers was losing control on ice or snow, highlighting the critical need for education on vehicle handling. This knowledge deficit is further evidenced by 43 percent of respondents expressing a desire for more guidance on safe EV operation.

Tyre performance is a fundamental aspect of winter safety that is often overlooked. Standard summer tyres begin to harden and lose grip at temperatures below 7°C. In contrast, winter and all-season tyres are engineered with specialised rubber and tread designs that stay flexible in the cold, providing superior traction, braking and stability on wet or icy roads. This is especially crucial for electric vehicles, which are often heavier and deliver instant torque, particularly in rear-wheel-drive models, requiring tyres designed to handle these specific characteristics to maintain stability and even protect driving range.

The survey ultimately underscores an urgent need for a concerted educational effort. Drivers are calling for car manufacturers, the government and retailers to take the lead in providing clear information to ensure safer winter driving for the growing number of electric vehicle users.

Joe Brammer, Technical Manager, Michelin UK, said, “Winter doesn’t just challenge drivers – it challenges their vehicles and tyres too. Cold weather can affect braking distances and grip for all cars, yet too many drivers still aren’t fitting tyres designed for these conditions. With more electric vehicles on the road than ever, its vital drivers understand how winter temperatures impact performance and safety as these cars can perform differently in winter compared to combustion vehicles. Choosing tyres built for cold weather or all-season use can make a real difference in maintaining control, confidence and protection on the road.

“It’s encouraging that drivers understand how important winter preparation is, but awareness needs to translate into action. Whether it’s checking tyre pressures, fitting winter-ready tyres, or booking a professional inspection, a few small steps can make winter driving safer and less stressful. It’s clear too that there is an opportunity for those selling, promoting and encouraging uptake of EVs to help equip drivers with the knowledge they need to stay safe on the roads.”

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In a strategic move to expand its French heavy-duty tyre operations, Ralson Tires Limited has announced a new alliance with the local firm Copadex. This collaboration, unveiled at the Solutrans 2025 event, aims to provide transport professionals across France with reliable, high-value products by merging Ralson’s manufacturing strength with Copadex’s extensive regional market knowledge.

The two companies share a common goal of achieving sustained growth and improving service within the transport industry. This partnership will enable Ralson to offer a comprehensive and tailored product range to meet specific local demands. By leveraging Copadex's established distribution network, Ralson anticipates a significant increase in its market penetration.

This European initiative follows Ralson’s recent foray into India’s heavy commercial vehicle (HCV) tyre market, marking a significant diversification from its established position in the bicycle tyre sector.

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China’s Prinx Chengshan celebrated the groundbreaking of its new manufacturing facility in Kedah Rubber City, Malaysia, on 18 November 2025. This event, attended by senior company executives including Group Chairman Che Hongzhi and Malaysian dignitaries, marks a critical advancement in the company's international strategy. The Malaysia Factory is conceived not as a simple expansion but as a next-generation benchmark project, integrating intelligence, sustainability and full-chain integration from the ground up.

Strategically, this facility forms a ‘twin stars’ configuration with the company's existing base in Thailand. This dual-hub model is designed to substantially increase global production capacity, enhance the resilience of the international supply chain and provide more responsive, high-quality service to customers worldwide. It represents a pivotal step for Prinx Chengshan's sustainable, high-quality growth and exemplifies a deepening of industrial cooperation under the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative, positioning itself as a future model for Chinese enterprises expanding abroad.

Occupying over 102 acres, the plant's first phase will focus on an annual output of six million premium passenger vehicle tyres and 600,000 commercial vehicle tyres. Its design leverages the mature intelligent manufacturing experience from the company's operations in China and Thailand. The facility will be structured into distinct production, research and development and residential zones. A core feature is a fully automated intelligent stereoscopic warehouse that will establish an unmanned logistics link, managing everything from raw materials to finished goods. Supported by 5G digital collaboration and intelligent inspection systems, the factory aims to achieve a high-efficiency, precision-driven Industry 4.0 production environment with minimal human intervention.

The project is deeply guided by a commitment to green development, seeking harmony between manufacturing and nature throughout its entire lifecycle. Its impact is intended to extend beyond tire production by stimulating the local industrial ecosystem. Through deepened cooperation with regional rubber suppliers and equipment manufacturers, Prinx Chengshan will strengthen the area's industrial infrastructure. Furthermore, a focus on technology transfer and comprehensive skills training for the local workforce signifies a strategic evolution from mere product export to a more integrated model of technology export and ecosystem co-development.

This new facility solidifies Prinx Chengshan's ‘China + Thailand + Malaysia’ overseas production network. By harnessing Southeast Asia's geographic and industrial advantages, the company aims to bolster global supply chain robustness, meet regional demand with greater precision and enhance its international brand competitiveness.

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Ironman Tires, a brand owned by Hercules Tire and Rubber Company, has officially launched the All Country AT-X, a new generation tyre designed to merge the capabilities of all-terrain and all-weather designs. This strategic expansion of its All Country line is positioned to deliver year-round performance for SUVs and light trucks, whether on paved roads or off-road adventures. The AT-X is now available at retail locations, effectively replacing the previous All Country A/T and AT2 models to strengthen the brand's standing in the competitive market.

Building upon the legacy of its predecessors, which collectively sold over 700,000 units annually, the All Country AT-X incorporates advanced design and compound technologies. A significant feature is its certification with the Three-Peak Mountain Snowflake symbol, guaranteeing reliable traction in severe snow conditions, a first for the brand in this category. The tyre’s development focused on key improvements, including superior snow traction, enhanced durability and more responsive on-road handling, all while upholding Ironman's core values of affordability and dependability.

The product lineup is comprehensive, with 27 of its planned 40 sizes available immediately and the remaining 13 scheduled for an early 2026 release. The AT-X offers two distinct tread patterns, both meeting the stringent winter performance standards without compromising on tread life or ruggedness. Key engineering enhancements include an optimised all-terrain tread for balanced on- and off-road performance, a next-generation all-weather compound and an aggressive sidewall design that boosts puncture resistance and provides a bold visual appeal. The tyre’s profile was strategically engineered through advanced modelling to promote stability and even wear.

Backing its robust construction is a substantial 50,000-mile (approximately 80,467 km) limited treadwear warranty, alongside a 60-month workmanship warranty and road hazard protection. The All Country AT-X is offered in T, Q, R and S speed ratings in a wide range of sizes to fit 15- to 20-inch rims, making it an accessible and versatile option for a broad spectrum of drivers seeking confident, all-season capability.

Keith Calcagno, Chief Strategy Officer, Proprietary Brands, American Tire Distributors, said, “The All Country AT-X represents a major step forward for Ironman’s product lineup. By combining all-weather versatility with all-terrain durability, the AT-X provides drivers the confidence to go anywhere, in any condition, all year long.”

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