It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Citira has finalised the acquisition of Malte Månson, a prominent independent Swedish workshop operator specialising in truck and bus maintenance. The integration, which secured all necessary regulatory clearances prior to its closure, officially brings the Swedish firm under Citira’s corporate umbrella. This strategic move effectively merges Citira’s specialised tyre management capabilities with Malte Månson’s comprehensive vehicle servicing offerings.

By combining these complementary strengths, the unified entity now provides Swedish fleet operators with a singular, streamlined contact point for maximising heavy vehicle uptime. Malte Månson, renowned for its continuous round-the-clock support and extensive technical proficiency across entire vehicles from powertrains to auxiliary systems, generated substantial annual revenues of SEK 773 million (approximately USD 81.06 million) in 2025. The group’s newly consolidated service portfolio is poised to deliver enhanced operational efficiency for commercial transport clients nationwide.

David Boman, CEO, Citira, said, "Tyre management and vehicle maintenance solve the same problem for our truck and bus customers: keeping fleets moving. Malte Månson gives us the expertise to offer both under one roof, which is exactly the kind of complete service offering our customers have been asking for.”

Staffan Lindewald, CEO, Malte Månson, said, "Citira felt like the right fit from the start, both as a company that shares our focus on service and respect for the customer relationship, and as one that lets us offer customers combined tyre management and vehicle maintenance for heavy vehicles under one roof. I'm confident our customers will value that.”

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Toyo Tire North America Manufacturing Inc. (TNA) has commemorated the production of its 100 millionth tyre at its White, Georgia, facility, a site that has been operational for more than two decades. The plant has become a crucial hub for delivering premium products and fostering expansion within essential markets while simultaneously bolstering the local area through sustained employment, economic stimulation and ongoing capital investment.

This landmark accomplishment is a testament to the persistent effort and collaborative spirit of the workforce that has established the factory as a pillar of the company’s achievements. Since its inception, the staff has been instrumental in cultivating a workplace ethos centred on excellence, creativity and high performance. The journey from the first tyre in 2005 to the historic June milestone was marked by the involvement of veteran employees David Hughes, Steve Addison and Glen Schulz, all of whom remain with the organisation today.

Patrick Lenz, President and Chief Operating Officer, Toyo Tire North America Manufacturing Inc, said, "Reaching 100 million tyres is an extraordinary milestone, but the true achievement is the people behind it. Today we celebrate 100 million tyres produced, a milestone that demonstrates what can be achieved when talented people work towards a shared goal. Our employees are the foundation of this success, and their dedication has positioned us as a leader in our industry. While we are proud of this achievement, we are even more excited about the future and what we will accomplish together next."

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Continental reported a sharp rise in second-quarter operating profit as improved tyre profitability and cost discipline offset a subdued global market, while the German group moved closer to completing its transformation into a pure-play tyre manufacturer.

The company posted consolidated sales of EURO 4.4 billion for the three months to 30 June, down 9.1 percent from a year earlier, largely reflecting the sale of its Original Equipment Solutions (OESL) business in February. On an organic basis, sales slipped 0.3 percent.

Adjusted earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) rose 35.1 percent to EURO 570 million, lifting the adjusted EBIT margin to 12.9 percent from 9.6 percent a year earlier. Adjusted free cash flow improved to EURO 216 million from negative EURO 46 million in the corresponding period of 2025. Net income, however, fell 45.9 percent to EURO 274 million, mainly because of the spin-off of Aumovio.

In early July, Continental signed an agreement to sell its ContiTech division to Lone Star Funds, marking what it described as the final stage of its strategic realignment. As a result, ContiTech will now be treated as a discontinued operation and excluded from the group's consolidated outlook.

"We continued our positive momentum. In the Tires group sector, we achieved a good earnings margin in the second quarter, exceeding our outlook for 2026. This puts us on track to meet our expectations for the year. In early July, we also signed an agreement to sell ContiTech. Now, we are in the final phase of our realignment as a pure-play tyre manufacturer," said Chief Executive Christian Kötz.

Chief Financial Officer Roland Welzbacher said improved profitability was driven by a greater share of tyres measuring 18 inches and above, lower impacts from exchange rates and tariffs, favourable raw material prices and strict cost discipline. He added that the company expected raw material costs to rise significantly during the second half of the year and had already taken measures to address the increase.

"We significantly increased our profitability and free cash flow. The main drivers for tyres were a higher share of tires measuring 18 inches and above, lower impacts from exchange rates and tariffs, and positive effects from raw-material prices. For the second half of the year, however, we expect raw-material costs to increase substantially and have already taken steps to address this," Welzbacher said.

Continental said market conditions remained challenging during the quarter. The European replacement tyre market for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles grew by 3 percent, supported by imports, while the North American market declined by 1 percent. Global vehicle production also fell by about 1 percent year on year.

The tyres division generated sales of EURO 3.3 billion, broadly unchanged from a year earlier, with organic sales rising 0.3 percent. Its adjusted EBIT margin increased to 15.3 percent from 12.1 percent, supported by a stronger mix of premium tyres, favourable raw material prices and lower impacts from exchange rates and tariffs.

During the quarter, Continental announced several investments aimed at strengthening its tyre operations. These included a company-owned wind farm at its Korbach plant in Germany, a new automated warehouse in Mount Vernon, Illinois, and expanded tyre production capacity at its Rayong plant in Thailand.

Looking ahead, Continental expects continuing operations to generate sales of EURO 13.2 billion to EURO 14.2 billion in 2026, with an adjusted EBIT margin of 12.0 to 13.5 percent.

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Goodyear is set to debut its first retail concept store in Detroit, the Goodyear Motor City Garage, just in time for the 2026 Woodward Dream Cruise. The opening coincides with a historic aerial display, as two Goodyear Blimps will fly over the Motor City for the first time in nearly two decades. This dual-blimp appearance will provide a bird's-eye view of the automotive spectacle, which annually draws over 40,000 classic vehicles and more than one and a half million enthusiasts.

The new garage will open on 15th August at eight in the morning at 3075 East Grand Boulevard. This specialised auto service centre functions as a hub for car culture, similar to destination retail concepts like a Starbucks Reserve Roastery. While offering expert services such as tyre sales, oil changes, alignments, brake service and battery replacement, the space also showcases the company’s technological innovations and storied heritage.

A custom Detroit-themed Eagle racing tyre, laser-carved with a tribute to the city, will be on display alongside a 1973 Ford Mustang convertible from ‘The Mary Tyler Moore Show’ and a 1977 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am ‘Bandit’. The Dream Cruise weekend will also feature new remote-controlled mini blimps, with further details to be announced on social media. The event honours Detroit engineers who once raced along Woodward Avenue, and Goodyear’s ties to the city date back to the early 1900s when Henry Ford collaborated with the company.

The Motor City Garage exemplifies Goodyear’s broader transformation, which includes approximately 1,500 new products planned for 2026 and a focus on higher-performance tyres. As the only major tyre manufacturer headquartered in United States, based in Akron, Ohio, Goodyear is striving to become more consumer-focused and digitally connected. The company also offers mobile installation service in 28 markets, including Detroit, allowing for tyre servicing at customer locations. Woodward Avenue remains a symbolic stretch where millions of Goodyear tyres have left their mark.

Mark Stewart, CEO, Goodyear, said, "Some of the best vehicles in the world have been laying down Goodyear rubber in Detroit since Henry Ford put them on his 999 race car in 1901. From track to tarmac to trail, Goodyear makes tyres worth bragging about, and we'll be doing just that during the Woodward Dream Cruise. Whether you're an enthusiast looking for ultra-high performance or just need help picking the best tyres to get your SUV through the school pick-up line, we're looking to show you how easy Goodyear can make vehicle care. Detroit's car culture makes it the perfect place to showcase our new retail concept alongside our Mobile Garage service that can install tyres and service your vehicle right in your driveway."

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