It was only many years later that we learnt about the atrocities and the inhuman ways the natives of the Amazon Valley were subjected to by the white barons to develop exporting of natural rubber to Europe to provide the main raw material for the automotive tyre industry which was gradually evolving in to a flourishing industry. The inventing of synthetic rubber in the late 1940s and the development of SBR  due to the short supply of natural rubber from the colonies  in the East to cater for the growing demand for tyres used in the military vehicles during the Second World War and the Korean War is another episode of beyond the border commercial endeavours.

Although the word ‘globalisation’ was coined by Theodore Levitt in 1983 through an article ‘Globalisation of Markets’ which appeared in the Harvard Business Review  (May-June 1983), I feel that we should go way back in the annals of history to get an understanding of the term. This knowledge may not look attractive to the modern business world. Nevertheless, the sociologists and others of similar disciplines will certainly find such knowledge useful in comprehending the modern day socio-economic woes.

Origins of globalisation may possibly be traced back to early human migrations, presumably from the Olduvai George Gorge, a site in Tanzania that holds the earliest evidence of human ancestors. Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intent of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movement over long distances. The driving motive, namely seeking dominance over fellow men and exploiting the natural environment to achieve success, does not seem to have changed over the millions of years.

The emergence of the great civilisations, e.g. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and their subsequent decline can be attributed to globalisation. Similarly, the invasions and cross-border military conquests of historical fame (or notoriety) such as that of Alexander the Great and colonisation by the West for the exploitation of natural wealth in Asia, Africa and South America reveals an ugly facet of globalisation.

The Silk Route interlinking East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe, on the other hand, was central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between these regions form 2nd century BCE to the 18th century.

The industrialisation and expansion of business and commerce across countries during the past 300-plus years was fuelled by the four industrial revolutions, or waves as some prefer to identify them, namely steam power, conveyor system, computers and digitalisation. The process is continuing to the unforeseeable future with new knowledge and innovations fuelling the globalisation.

The multifaceted nature of globalisation has commonly been identified into eight types as shown below:

•           Political Globalisation

•           Social Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Technological Globalisation

•           Financial Globalisation

•           Cultural Globalisation

•           Economic Globalisation

•           Geographical Globalisation

My intention is not to delve in to a discussion about the pros and cons of globalisation, which has been comprehensively documented, but to highlight on some key aspects from this part of the world, especially of the Asian subcontinent.

Knowledge dissemination across border, in my view, is the single most important factor associated with globalisation. This appears common to all the above types of globalisation. The dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine by the great Emperor Asoka to countries spreading from the far East to the Central Asia and Middle East including the present Sri Lanka during 3rd century BCE is one of the earliest recorded instances of globalisation.

Countries with long histories going back to 3,000 to 4,000-plus years, such as India, China and Sri Lanka, possessed a vast knowledge base ingrained in the social consciousness. This appears to have significantly influenced the philosophical and intellectual thought of the Greek and Persian periods. Unfortunately, a major part of this knowledge has been eroded through the influence of the West, which started around the 16th century. One good example of this knowledge found in the ancient irrigation knowledge of Sri Lanka is the engineering  marvel of a gradient of 1 inch per mile in an ancient canal about 87 km long,  built to connect two man-made reservoirs in the 5th century AD. Similarly, India and Sri Lanka possessed a vast indigenous knowledge base in medicine, astrology, architecture, agriculture, irrigation and astrology, and it is somewhat unfortunate that this knowledge has not been adequately globalised. The only significant inroads are seen in tourism. But that too are based on the western norms.

On the other hand, we have acquired a vast knowledge from the industrialised countries on modern management thoughts and technologies which have enabled industrialisation and improvement in living conditions of the populace. In this era of interdependency, a country cannot afford to ignore the technologies which are necessary to maintain a suitable level of competitiveness internationally. However, if this is accomplished at the expense of ignoring the inherent social and cultural foundations, the long-term adverse consequences would be disastrous and unimaginable.

The adverse long-term consequences of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and the global addiction to pharmaceuticals are already seen physically and socially in practically all the countries, especially the so called underdeveloped or developing countries.

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the irreversible effects of global warming are two examples of globalisation which are affecting the mere sustenance  of mankind.

A country can immensely benefit by striving for stars through adopting modern technologies. However, the absolute importance of a strong base cannot be ignored or taken lightly. Back to a strong base and reinforcing the base lies at the core of sustainable development.

The words of Mahatma Gandhi echoing from the past reaffirm this plain truth in no uncertain terms.

“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.”

“What's past is prologue," a quote from William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’ presumes that though history is written, the future is anyone's to decide – with the knowledge gleaned from the past. (TT)

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Michelin has launched the new Anakee Adventure 2, a tyre aimed at the Trail motorcycle segment and engineered to deliver safety, pleasure and freedom for the modern rider. This product is a strategic pillar in the company's global vision for the Trail category, designed for those who navigate daily commutes but live for the spirit of exploration.

The MICHELIN Anakee Adventure 2 is developed for predominantly road-based use while retaining confident off-road capability. It meets the needs of discerning riders who demand safety in everyday conditions alongside the ability to spontaneously explore beyond paved surfaces. The tyre promises enhanced wet grip through advanced silica-based compounds and offers improved longevity, with significant increases in mileage over its predecessor. It also provides superior riding comfort through reduced noise perception, leading to less fatigue. Its versatility is confirmed by an M+S marking and a tread pattern optimised for effective traction on varied terrain.

These benefits are achieved through Michelin's latest technologies, including a dual-compound construction for durability and grip, reinforced casing architecture for stability and comfort, and a new tread design that balances on-road refinement with loose-surface traction. The tyre also features a premium sidewall design to complement the aesthetic of modern adventure motorcycles. It is available for a comprehensive range of flagship models from manufacturers such as BMW, Honda, Ducati, Triumph and KTM.

This launch completes Michelin's strategic Trail portfolio, which ranges from purely road-focused tyres to those with off-road bias. The introduction of the Anakee Adventure 2 is a key component of Michelin's broader ambition to become a leading force in the Trail segment by 2030. This strategy is built upon strengthening brand image through motorsport heritage, fostering a dedicated rider community via engagement initiatives, and expanding original equipment partnerships with major motorcycle manufacturers. The MICHELIN Anakee Adventure 2 is available globally through authorised dealers.

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Michelin will join Team Picnic PostNL as an official technical partner from 2026 onwards, signalling the tyre manufacturer's high-profile return to elite road racing. This alliance is founded on a shared drive to expand performance boundaries through dedicated innovation. Rather than a mere supply agreement, the collaboration entails a deep technical union between the brand’s engineers and the team’s performance specialists. The primary goal is to validate Michelin tyre capabilities under the most demanding race conditions and to jointly pioneer next-generation technologies.

Team Picnic PostNL, a leading World Tour squad with men’s, women’s and development rosters, will exclusively race on state-of-the-art tyres co-developed with Michelin, set to debut in competition this coming February. This partnership embodies a modern and ambitious sporting vision, uniting both entities under core values of elite performance and innovation. Data and feedback gathered across all racing programmes will fuel a continuous cycle of optimisation, aimed at propelling the team to the podium while simultaneously accelerating the development of future consumer tyre products.

For Michelin, this venture integrates competition directly into its global innovation strategy, using the rigours of world-class cycling as a dynamic proving ground and beacon for technological advancement.

Vincent Ledieu, Director – Cycling Programme, Michelin, said, “By partnering with Team Picnic PostNL, Michelin is showing its support for the world of top-level road cycling. Working closely with the riders and the whole team allows us to better understand the demands of competing at the highest level. This partnership allows us to continue to develop innovative tire technologies while supporting Team Picnic PostNL's ambitions in World Tour competition.”

Piet Rooijakkers, Team Picnic PostNL's R&D expert, said, “Our partnership with Michelin allows us to have very high-quality equipment that is perfectly suited to the demands of the World Tour. By working closely with their engineers, we quickly turn user feedback and performance data into actionable improvements. This process of continuous learning and optimisation is essential for Team Picnic PostNL, and we see this collaboration as an important step in pushing performance to the next level.”

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Toyo Tires has made its way to the annual A-List of CDP for its climate change mitigation efforts. This premier recognition, awarded for the first time to the company in the 2025 evaluation, reflects the company’s comprehensive decarbonisation efforts, which include validated science-based targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions and a shift towards renewable energy at its production sites. CDP’s annual assessment is a key benchmark for corporate sustainability across climate, water and forests.

The assessment also highlighted Toyo Tires' commitment to transparency, as verified by independent third-party data reviews. Viewing its business activities as intrinsically connected to society and the future, the Toyo Tires Group treats reducing environmental impact as a top operational priority.

Moving forward, the company is dedicated to advancing decarbonization across all its manufacturing processes and broader supply chain, aiming to support a sustainable global society.

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Apollo Tyres Ltd has introduced a new and more affordable range of gravel tyres under the Vredestein Aventura Core Series. This new-generation family consists of three distinct models: the Aventura Seta Core, Aventura Core and Aventura Grezzo Core. Engineered in Europe, these tyres are built for enhanced durability and dependable performance across diverse surfaces, offering riders a cost-effective upgrade for adventure biking.

The series is constructed around a streamlined Core platform, which incorporates a robust 60 TPI casing for increased puncture resistance and stable handling on uneven terrain. While utilising the proven tread patterns of existing Vredestein gravel tyres, this refined construction delivers high-end capability at a more accessible price point.

Each model is tailored for specific riding conditions. The Aventura Seta Core is designed for speed, with a race-optimised tread for fast rolling on asphalt and high-speed gravel, complemented by shoulder knobs for technical cornering. For versatile, everyday use, the Aventura Core offers a balanced blend of rolling efficiency and predictable grip across tarmac, hardpack and gravel roads. Finally, the Aventura Grezzo Core provides confidence on loose and rugged terrain, featuring an aggressive tread for enhanced traction in sand and soft surfaces, while its chained centre tread maintains efficiency on harder ground.

The Aventura Core Series will be available starting 1 February 2026. The Aventura Seta Core comes in 40, 45 and 50-622 sizes. The Aventura Core is offered in 50-584 and 40, 45, 50-622 sizes. The Aventura Grezzo Core is available in 50-584 and 40, 45, 50-622 sizes. Colour options include black/black and black/transparent sidewalls.

Nic Knippers, Division Head – Vredestein Two Wheel Tyres, Apollo Tyres Ltd, said, “The Aventura Core Series marks an important expansion of our gravel offering within the Vredestein range. By introducing three purpose-designed tyres built on a shared durable foundation, we can better support riders across the full spectrum of gravel terrain – from high-speed racing to off-road exploration and everyday mixed-surface riding.”

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