Rubber presents a challenge for optical-based measurement sensors. By nature, the black surface is difficult to capture reliable data from and accurately measure. This challenge is often intensified by the complex shapes into which rubber derivatives are extruded or molded.

As a solution to this challenge, 3D laser sensor manufacturers have optimised the design of their sensors to successfully implement scanning and quality control functions for both in-process and final product inspection applications in rubber and tyre manufacturing.

3D laser scanning

Rubber material comes in two forms on the production line, either as fresh and uncured from an extruder or a calender, or as a finished product (e.g., vulcanised tyres). Non-contact 3D laser scanning offers the most practical solution for inspection of both of these rubber material types.

Here’s why:

1. The soft, gummy nature of the rubber makes contact-type measurement ineffective. This measurement approach is also too slow to keep up with the high-speeds of continuous web material production.

2. 2D sensors require complex lighting to see black-on-black contrast. In some applications the lighting is placed underneath the material (e.g., when measuring the width of a strip), and hot sticking rubber can contaminate the lights. In addition, 2D can’t produce measurements related to object geometry (i.e., 3D shape), which means they are unable to measure critical features such as object flatness, surface angles, or part volumes, and are limited to contrast-based inspection. This makes 2D sensors a poor solution for scanning complex shape-based features on dark surfaces, or for operation in low lighting conditions.

          3. In comparison, 3D laser sensors are contrast invariants and generate high-resolution scans regardless of the material or lighting conditions. They also capture the complete 3D geometry of the scan target, including critical depth measurements on surface features such as grooves in a tyre tread. 3D laser sensors are also able to achieve the high speeds required for continuous web material scanning.

Laser profile sensors provide an ideal solution to both in-process and final rubber and tyre measurement and quality control applications. Built-in measurement tools for strip positions, including multiple groove location and depth measurement monitoring with automated alignment enable engineers to configure setup parameters––without requiring any measurement software development.

In addition, the ability to store multiple geometry configurations in the sensor makes changes between different recipes quick and simple, which is critical in minimising downtime for operations that make model changes multiple times per shift.

Application examples

1. In-Process Inspection

Extrusion Profiling with High-Resolution Gocator® 2440 Laser Profiler

Extruding rubber in a specific shape makes up the tread portion of a tyre. Measurement of the extrusion profile is carried out in-process, correcting the extrusion parameters in real-time to maintain the required shape. Key measurement parameters include thickness, width, and profile. Another required sensor capability is monitoring the position of surface features, such as ridges, center lines, and edges.

Profiling these tread extrusions is done by using 3D laser sensors to scan across the extrusion, generating a profile to which built-in measurement tools and pass/fail decision-making logic can be applied.

In this example, two Gocator 2440 laser line profilers are used to measure the rubber web’s extrusion groove pattern, geometry, and location with an X resolution down to 13 microns. Gocator 2440 sensors are able to inspect multiple grooves in a single setup, and groove measurements are unaffected by changes in surface angle relative to the sensor.

Most importantly, Gocator 2440 sensors generate critical 3D height data for robust shape measurement. 2D solutions are limited to contrast-based inspection.

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3. Final tyre inspection

Tyre Sidewall Inspection with High-Speed Gocator 2530 Laser Profiler

Traditional methods for measuring tyre sidewalls for defects such as bulges and dents suffer from too many false rejects (i.e., classifying a good tyre as defective). Due to measurement system limitations, many manufacturers have no choice but to “oversensitise” their sidewall bulge and dent measurement systems, resulting in costly manual inspection requirements for all rejected tyres.

In fact, some measurement systems cannot even distinguish between bulges or dents. However, with state-of-the art laser measurement precision and advanced built-in software analysis, false positive rates can be substantially reduced and, in many cases, eliminated altogether.

Using a Gocator 2530 laser profiler the engineer is able to generate full surface point cloud geometry data in order to detect small defects (down to 28 microns X resolution) anywhere on the sidewall surface. The sensor also delivers complete scan, measurement, and control at 4 kHz, allowing engineers to meet stringent cycle time requirements––with no need for industrial PCs or external controllers.

In this configuration, two profile sensors are typically used, one for each sidewall (top and bottom buddy system). A third sensor is often used to monitor radial runout of the tread.

Leveraging 3D Laser Scanning and Inspection

Laser-based laser triangulation sensors meet the high speed and high resolution requirements for accurate rubber and tyre measurement. These sensors are used in a variety of in-process and final inspection applications, including extrusion profiling and tyre sidewall inspection.

Adding 3D laser sensors for automated quality control is vital to reducing scrap and rework, and improving final product quality by maintaining consistency throughout the tyre manufacturing process.

Courtesy of LMI Technologies www.lmi3d.com

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Fornnax has officially launched one of the world's largest integrated hubs for recycling innovation: a New Product Development centre and demo plant spanning over 12 acres. This facility is a critical milestone in the company's strategic vision to become a global leader in recycling solutions by 2030. It is designed to accelerate the advancement of recycling technology through a comprehensive, customer-focused approach.

The centre’s core function is its New Product Development framework, which is built upon a meticulous Gate Review Process. This system ensures precision from conception to completion. The journey begins with market research and ideation from the Sales and Marketing team, followed by a strategic review by the Leadership Team. The Design Team then creates detailed plans that are evaluated by Manufacturing, Service and Safety teams. After final approval, a functional prototype is built and subjected to a rigorous six to eight-month validation phase. The process concludes with design optimisation for mass production, officially launching the equipment for the global market. This method not just upgrades Fornnax's shredders and granulators – enhancing their capacity, energy efficiency and operational availability to 18–20 hours per day – but also validates the equipment for up to 3,000–15,000 hours under real-world conditions

A key feature of the facility is its open-door policy for clients. Customers can bring their specific materials to the demo plant to test equipment performance across various machines and conditions, providing a risk-free environment for informed investment decisions. The centre will also drive research into emerging recycling applications, such as E-waste, cables and lithium-ion batteries, where specialised engineering teams will conduct feasibility studies to design tailored solutions.

Beyond technology, the facility includes an OEM training centre dedicated to developing a skilled workforce. The programme trains operators and maintenance engineers, who gain hands-on experience before being deployed to support Fornnax's customer base. The company will also deliver comprehensive corporate training to domestic and international clients, empowering them with the expertise for optimal plant operation and maintenance. By uniting R&D, testing and training under one roof, Fornnax is establishing a powerful foundation to scale its offerings and lead the next generation of recycling technology.

Jignesh Kundariya, Director and CEO, Fornnax, said, "Innovation in product development is the key to success of becoming a global leader. With this new facility, we now have the speed, flexibility and controlled environment to design, test and validate new technologies in just six to eight months, something that would take significantly 4–5 years at a customer site. Each machine will undergo validation according to global standards, with every critical part and assembly rigorously tested under Engineering Build (EB) and Manufacturing Build (MB) protocols. Our goal is to empower customers with clarity and confidence before they invest. This facility allows them to test their own materials under real-world conditions, compare machines and see results firsthand. It’s not just about selling equipment; it’s about building trust through transparency and delivering solutions that truly work for their unique needs.”

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Smithers, the US-based testing and consulting group, is expanding its tyre testing operations in China with three new capabilities designed to better replicate real-world driving conditions. The investment will enhance the company’s rolling-resistance testing at its Suzhou tyre and wheel centre, strengthening its offering to global carmakers and tyre manufacturers.

The new features focus on factors that can influence vehicle energy loss, range, and overall efficiency—a growing concern as regulators tighten standards and EV makers push for longer driving range.

One new capability will allow rolling-resistance testing to be carried out with variations in slip and camber angles for passenger car and light truck tyres. Standard tests are performed at zero degrees, but even small changes in wheel alignment or body movement during real driving can affect energy consumption. The enhanced system lets customers study these effects and refine tyre designs accordingly.

Smithers is also adding high- and low-temperature rolling-resistance testing for truck and bus tyres, an extension of the temperature-controlled testing it introduced for passenger tyres in 2022. The company said demand has risen as manufacturers look to understand how cold weather affects range—a key issue for electric commercial vehicles.

A third new service will allow tyres to be tested together with chassis components such as half-shafts and brake discs. This gives OEMs independent data on how these parts contribute to overall resistance, helping them to identify where energy is being lost and to fine-tune vehicle efficiency.

All three capabilities are expected to be online by 1 December 2025.

“Smithers is seeing increased demand on a global scale for testing of tires and vehicles that more closely mimics real-world conditions,” said Derek Read, Vice President of Asia Pacific / Global Development, Materials Science and Engineering, Smithers. “These new capabilities are strategic investments into the refined, scenario-based testing our clients require to improve both tire and tire-chassis-vehicle system performance.”

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Continental's Hannover-Stöcken plant is pioneering a new era in sustainable manufacturing by seamlessly integrating advanced robotics into its core operations. Since their deployment in March 2025, a team of seven autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) has become the central nervous system for material transport, fundamentally reshaping the workflow for retreading truck and bus tyres.

This shift to automation has profoundly changed the human role on the production floor. Employees, once tasked with the physically strenuous job of manually moving heavy tyres using cranes and trolleys, are now focused on more cognitively demanding responsibilities. Their expertise is directed towards machine setup, process oversight and meticulous quality control, making their work more ergonomic and skilled.

The AMRs operate with sophisticated independence, navigating the production hall using a fusion of sensors, 360-degree cameras and AI-driven software. They efficiently ferry ‘green’ tyres between critical stages: from the building machine, where fresh rubber is applied, to the curing presses for vulcanisation and finally towards inspection. This automated coordination is digitally linked to the plant's order system, allowing for dynamic routing to optimise workflow and manage capacity.

This initiative is a cornerstone of Continental's global strategy to modernize tyre production through digitalisation and smart automation. The success in Hannover has already inspired the rollout of similar robotic solutions across the company's international network, from North America to Asia. The move aligns perfectly with the plant's sustainable mission, which is the ContiLifeCycle process itself. This process breathes new life into used tyre casings by carefully inspecting them, applying new tread rubber and vulcanising them to create a product that performs like new. The environmental benefit is substantial, as up to 70 percent of the original tyre's material is reused, significantly conserving resources.

The human element was crucial to the project's success. Continental ensured widespread employee acceptance through comprehensive training and even involved the workforce in christening the robots with creative names. This thoughtful approach has cemented the AMRs not as mere machines but as valued teammates in a shared mission to make tyre production more efficient, sustainable and future-ready.

Felix Hantelmann, head of the ContiLifeCycle plant, said, “Self-driving robots have been supporting our production workflow for six months now. They handle simple, repetitive transport tasks such as moving a tyre from one point to another. The robots are directly connected to our digital order system, so they know exactly where to go and how to coordinate with each other to get there. They are a valuable addition to our daily operations and help create a safe, efficient and ergonomically optimised production environment.”

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Continental's leadership in reducing tyre wear is fundamentally driven by its pioneering research into how particles are generated. A pivotal element of this strategy is the recently concluded OLRAP project, a collaboration with the Technical University of Braunschweig that broke new ground in real-world particle analysis. The research team engineered a complex experimental vehicle, outfitting it with a custom vacuum system and sensitive particle sensors. This innovative setup enabled the real-time collection and analysis of airborne particles directly at their source – the rolling tyre – under actual driving conditions. The resulting data, which for the first time correlates specific driving dynamics like aggressive acceleration and hard cornering with particle emissions, provides an unprecedented understanding of wear patterns.

This deep, data-driven insight is what directly fuels Continental's product development. By knowing precisely how and when wear occurs, engineers can make targeted optimisations to tread patterns and rubber compounds. The objective is to systematically design tyres that shed less material, thereby directly reducing their environmental footprint from abrasion. This development process rigorously maintains the critical safety and performance standards that drivers demand.

The tangible success of this research-to-development pipeline is confirmed by independent analysis, which shows Continental tyres abrade 11 percent less material than the competitor average. Furthermore, this proactive research and development strategically prepares the company for upcoming regulations like the Euro 7 standard, which will impose limits on tyre wear emissions. Beyond its own laboratories, Continental extends this commitment through cross-industry efforts, co-chairing the Tire Industry Project and contributing to public initiatives aimed at capturing tyre particles from road runoff. Through this integrated approach, Continental is leveraging fundamental scientific discovery to create more sustainable mobility solutions.

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